Amit Kumar Tyagi is Assistant Professor (Senior Grade), and Senior Researcher at Vellore Instituteof Technology (VIT), Chennai Campus, India. He earned his PhD in 2018 from Pondicherry CentralUniversity, India. He joined the Lord Krishna College of Engineering, Ghaziabad (LKCE) from 2009–2010 and 2012–2013. He was Assistant Professor and Head Researcher at Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth (formerlyknown as Lingaya’s University), Faridabad, Haryana, India from 2018 to 2019. Dr. Tyagi’s current researchfocuses on machine learning with big data, blockchain technology, data science, cyberphysical systems,smart and secure computing and privacy. He contributed to several projects such as “AARIN” and “P3-Block” to address some of the open issues related to the privacy breaches in vehicular applications (suchas parking) and medical cyberphysical systems (MCPS). He has also published more than 8 patents in thearea of deep learning, Internet of Things, cyberphysical systems and computer vision. Recently, he wasawarded best paper award for “A Novel Feature Extractor Based on the Modified Approach of Histogram oforiented Gradient”, ICCSA 2020, Italy. He is a regular member of the ACM, IEEE, MIRLabs, RamanujanMathematical Society, Cryptology Research Society, and Universal Scientific Education and ResearchNetwork, CSI, and ISTE.Ajith Abraham is Director of Machine Intelligence Research Labs (MIR Labs), a not-for-profit scientificnetwork for innovation and research excellence connecting industry and academia. As an investigator andco-investigator, he has won research grants worth over US$100 million from Australia, USA, EU, Italy,Czech Republic, France, Malaysia, and China. His research focuses on real world problems in the fieldsof machine intelligence, cyberphysical systems, Internet of Things, network security, sensor networks,web intelligence, web services, and data mining. He is Chair of the IEEE Systems Man and CyberneticsSociety Technical Committee on Soft Computing. He is editor-in-chief of Engineering Applications ofArtificial Intelligence (EAAI) and serves/served on the editorial board of several international journals.He earned his Ph.D. in computer science from Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

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• ContentsPreface viiAcknowledgments ixAbout the Editors xiTRACK 1 Blockchain: Background and Importance 11 Fundamentals of Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) 3Leema Roselin G, Rajmohan R, Usharani S, Kiruba K, Manjubala P2 Blockchain for Information Systems Applications 39Divya Stephen, Blesmi Rose Joseph, Neeraja James, and Aswathy S.U.3 A Dynamic Trust Model for Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Management Networks 59Shivam Narula, Annapurna Jonnalgadda, and Aswani Kumar CherukuriTRACK 2 Blockchain for Information Systems: New Methodsfor Day-to-Day Problems 754 Blockchain and IoT Technologies to Improve the Agricultural Food Supply Chain 77Saranya P, Maheswari R, and Tanmay Kulkarni5 A Novel Hybrid Chaotic Map–Based Proactive RSA Cryptosystem in Blockchain 87S. Selvi and M. Vimala Devi6 Institutional Technologies for Blockchain: Implications and Policies 99Shyam Mohan J.S., S. Ramamoorthy, Narasimha Krishna Amruth Vemuganti,Vankadara Naga Venkata Kuladeep, and Raghuram Nadipalli7 Two-Fold Security Model Using 2D-Vector Key Bunch and PrivacyPreservation of the EHRs in the Distributed Network Involving Blockchain 117Shirisha Kakarla, Geeta Kakarla, and D. Narsinga RaoTRACK 3 Blockchain in the Near Future: Possible Uses and Research Gaps 1398 Analysis of Security and Privacy Aspects of Blockchain Technologies fromSmart Era’ Perspective: The Challenges and a Way Forward to Future 141Amit Kumar Tyagi9 Applications of Blockchain Technologies in Digital Forensics and Threat Hunting 159Shabnam Kumari, Amit Kumar Tyagi and G. Rekha10 Healthcare Solutions for the Next Generation: A Useful Explanationfrom the User’s Perspective 175Amit Kumar Tyagi, Meenu Gupta, Aswathy S.U., and Chetanya Ved11 Blockchain-Based Medical Insurance Storage Systems 219Ciza Thomas, Bindu V, Amrutha Ann Aby, Anjalikrishna U.R., Anu Kesari,and Dhanya Sabu12 Hybrid Multilevel Fusion: Integrating Score and Decision Levels of Fusionfor Multimodal Biometric Systems 237Aarohi Vora, Chirag Paunwala, and Mita Paunwala13 Blockchain: A Security Component for Data Security and Privacy—CurrentTrends in the Automotive Industry 247Sruti C R, S UmamaheswariTRACK 4 Blockchain with Other Computing Environments 25914 The Future of Edge Computing with Blockchain Technology: Possibility ofThreats, Opportunities, and Challenges 261Aswathy S. U., Amit Kumar Tyagi and Shabnam Kumari15 CryptoCert: A Blockchain-Based Academic Credential System 293Varun Wahi, Aswani Kumar Cherukuri, Kathiravan Srinivasan,and Annapurna Jonnalagadda16 A Comprehensive Transformative Effect of IoT, Machine Learning,and Blockchain in Computing Technology 315Deepshikha Agarwal, Khushboo Tripathi, and Kumar KrishenIndex 343

Amit Kumar Tyagi is Assistant Professor (Senior Grade), and Senior Researcher at Vellore Instituteof Technology (VIT), Chennai Campus, India. He earned his PhD in 2018 from Pondicherry CentralUniversity, India. He joined the Lord Krishna College of Engineering, Ghaziabad (LKCE) from 2009–2010 and 2012–2013. He was Assistant Professor and Head Researcher at Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth (formerlyknown as Lingaya’s University), Faridabad, Haryana, India from 2018 to 2019. Dr. Tyagi’s current researchfocuses on machine learning with big data, blockchain technology, data science, cyberphysical systems,smart and secure computing and privacy. He contributed to several projects such as “AARIN” and “P3-Block” to address some of the open issues related to the privacy breaches in vehicular applications (suchas parking) and medical cyberphysical systems (MCPS). He has also published more than 8 patents in thearea of deep learning, Internet of Things, cyberphysical systems and computer vision. Recently, he wasawarded best paper award for “A Novel Feature Extractor Based on the Modified Approach of Histogram oforiented Gradient”, ICCSA 2020, Italy. He is a regular member of the ACM, IEEE, MIRLabs, RamanujanMathematical Society, Cryptology Research Society, and Universal Scientific Education and ResearchNetwork, CSI, and ISTE.Ajith Abraham is Director of Machine Intelligence Research Labs (MIR Labs), a not-for-profit scientificnetwork for innovation and research excellence connecting industry and academia. As an investigator andco-investigator, he has won research grants worth over US$100 million from Australia, USA, EU, Italy,Czech Republic, France, Malaysia, and China. His research focuses on real world problems in the fieldsof machine intelligence, cyberphysical systems, Internet of Things, network security, sensor networks,web intelligence, web services, and data mining. He is Chair of the IEEE Systems Man and CyberneticsSociety Technical Committee on Soft Computing. He is editor-in-chief of Engineering Applications ofArtificial Intelligence (EAAI) and serves/served on the editorial board of several international journals.He earned his Ph.D. in computer science from Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

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• ContentsPreface viiAcknowledgments ixAbout the Editors xiTRACK 1 Blockchain: Background and Importance 11 Fundamentals of Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) 3Leema Roselin G, Rajmohan R, Usharani S, Kiruba K, Manjubala P2 Blockchain for Information Systems Applications 39Divya Stephen, Blesmi Rose Joseph, Neeraja James, and Aswathy S.U.3 A Dynamic Trust Model for Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Management Networks 59Shivam Narula, Annapurna Jonnalgadda, and Aswani Kumar CherukuriTRACK 2 Blockchain for Information Systems: New Methodsfor Day-to-Day Problems 754 Blockchain and IoT Technologies to Improve the Agricultural Food Supply Chain 77Saranya P, Maheswari R, and Tanmay Kulkarni5 A Novel Hybrid Chaotic Map–Based Proactive RSA Cryptosystem in Blockchain 87S. Selvi and M. Vimala Devi6 Institutional Technologies for Blockchain: Implications and Policies 99Shyam Mohan J.S., S. Ramamoorthy, Narasimha Krishna Amruth Vemuganti,Vankadara Naga Venkata Kuladeep, and Raghuram Nadipalli7 Two-Fold Security Model Using 2D-Vector Key Bunch and PrivacyPreservation of the EHRs in the Distributed Network Involving Blockchain 117Shirisha Kakarla, Geeta Kakarla, and D. Narsinga RaoTRACK 3 Blockchain in the Near Future: Possible Uses and Research Gaps 1398 Analysis of Security and Privacy Aspects of Blockchain Technologies fromSmart Era’ Perspective: The Challenges and a Way Forward to Future 141Amit Kumar Tyagi9 Applications of Blockchain Technologies in Digital Forensics and Threat Hunting 159Shabnam Kumari, Amit Kumar Tyagi and G. Rekha10 Healthcare Solutions for the Next Generation: A Useful Explanationfrom the User’s Perspective 175Amit Kumar Tyagi, Meenu Gupta, Aswathy S.U., and Chetanya Ved11 Blockchain-Based Medical Insurance Storage Systems 219Ciza Thomas, Bindu V, Amrutha Ann Aby, Anjalikrishna U.R., Anu Kesari,and Dhanya Sabu12 Hybrid Multilevel Fusion: Integrating Score and Decision Levels of Fusionfor Multimodal Biometric Systems 237Aarohi Vora, Chirag Paunwala, and Mita Paunwala13 Blockchain: A Security Component for Data Security and Privacy—CurrentTrends in the Automotive Industry 247Sruti C R, S UmamaheswariTRACK 4 Blockchain with Other Computing Environments 25914 The Future of Edge Computing with Blockchain Technology: Possibility ofThreats, Opportunities, and Challenges 261Aswathy S. U., Amit Kumar Tyagi and Shabnam Kumari15 CryptoCert: A Blockchain-Based Academic Credential System 293Varun Wahi, Aswani Kumar Cherukuri, Kathiravan Srinivasan,and Annapurna Jonnalagadda16 A Comprehensive Transformative Effect of IoT, Machine Learning,and Blockchain in Computing Technology 315Deepshikha Agarwal, Khushboo Tripathi, and Kumar KrishenIndex 343

Amit Kumar Tyagi is Assistant Professor (Senior Grade), and Senior Researcher at Vellore Instituteof Technology (VIT), Chennai Campus, India. He earned his PhD in 2018 from Pondicherry CentralUniversity, India. He joined the Lord Krishna College of Engineering, Ghaziabad (LKCE) from 2009–2010 and 2012–2013. He was Assistant Professor and Head Researcher at Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth (formerlyknown as Lingaya’s University), Faridabad, Haryana, India from 2018 to 2019. Dr. Tyagi’s current researchfocuses on machine learning with big data, blockchain technology, data science, cyberphysical systems,smart and secure computing and privacy. He contributed to several projects such as “AARIN” and “P3-Block” to address some of the open issues related to the privacy breaches in vehicular applications (suchas parking) and medical cyberphysical systems (MCPS). He has also published more than 8 patents in thearea of deep learning, Internet of Things, cyberphysical systems and computer vision. Recently, he wasawarded best paper award for “A Novel Feature Extractor Based on the Modified Approach of Histogram oforiented Gradient”, ICCSA 2020, Italy. He is a regular member of the ACM, IEEE, MIRLabs, RamanujanMathematical Society, Cryptology Research Society, and Universal Scientific Education and ResearchNetwork, CSI, and ISTE.Ajith Abraham is Director of Machine Intelligence Research Labs (MIR Labs), a not-for-profit scientificnetwork for innovation and research excellence connecting industry and academia. As an investigator andco-investigator, he has won research grants worth over US$100 million from Australia, USA, EU, Italy,Czech Republic, France, Malaysia, and China. His research focuses on real world problems in the fieldsof machine intelligence, cyberphysical systems, Internet of Things, network security, sensor networks,web intelligence, web services, and data mining. He is Chair of the IEEE Systems Man and CyberneticsSociety Technical Committee on Soft Computing. He is editor-in-chief of Engineering Applications ofArtificial Intelligence (EAAI) and serves/served on the editorial board of several international journals.He earned his Ph.D. in computer science from Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

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• ContentsPreface viiAcknowledgments ixAbout the Editors xiTRACK 1 Blockchain: Background and Importance 11 Fundamentals of Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) 3Leema Roselin G, Rajmohan R, Usharani S, Kiruba K, Manjubala P2 Blockchain for Information Systems Applications 39Divya Stephen, Blesmi Rose Joseph, Neeraja James, and Aswathy S.U.3 A Dynamic Trust Model for Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Management Networks 59Shivam Narula, Annapurna Jonnalgadda, and Aswani Kumar CherukuriTRACK 2 Blockchain for Information Systems: New Methodsfor Day-to-Day Problems 754 Blockchain and IoT Technologies to Improve the Agricultural Food Supply Chain 77Saranya P, Maheswari R, and Tanmay Kulkarni5 A Novel Hybrid Chaotic Map–Based Proactive RSA Cryptosystem in Blockchain 87S. Selvi and M. Vimala Devi6 Institutional Technologies for Blockchain: Implications and Policies 99Shyam Mohan J.S., S. Ramamoorthy, Narasimha Krishna Amruth Vemuganti,Vankadara Naga Venkata Kuladeep, and Raghuram Nadipalli7 Two-Fold Security Model Using 2D-Vector Key Bunch and PrivacyPreservation of the EHRs in the Distributed Network Involving Blockchain 117Shirisha Kakarla, Geeta Kakarla, and D. Narsinga RaoTRACK 3 Blockchain in the Near Future: Possible Uses and Research Gaps 1398 Analysis of Security and Privacy Aspects of Blockchain Technologies fromSmart Era’ Perspective: The Challenges and a Way Forward to Future 141Amit Kumar Tyagi9 Applications of Blockchain Technologies in Digital Forensics and Threat Hunting 159Shabnam Kumari, Amit Kumar Tyagi and G. Rekha10 Healthcare Solutions for the Next Generation: A Useful Explanationfrom the User’s Perspective 175Amit Kumar Tyagi, Meenu Gupta, Aswathy S.U., and Chetanya Ved11 Blockchain-Based Medical Insurance Storage Systems 219Ciza Thomas, Bindu V, Amrutha Ann Aby, Anjalikrishna U.R., Anu Kesari,and Dhanya Sabu12 Hybrid Multilevel Fusion: Integrating Score and Decision Levels of Fusionfor Multimodal Biometric Systems 237Aarohi Vora, Chirag Paunwala, and Mita Paunwala13 Blockchain: A Security Component for Data Security and Privacy—CurrentTrends in the Automotive Industry 247Sruti C R, S UmamaheswariTRACK 4 Blockchain with Other Computing Environments 25914 The Future of Edge Computing with Blockchain Technology: Possibility ofThreats, Opportunities, and Challenges 261Aswathy S. U., Amit Kumar Tyagi and Shabnam Kumari15 CryptoCert: A Blockchain-Based Academic Credential System 293Varun Wahi, Aswani Kumar Cherukuri, Kathiravan Srinivasan,and Annapurna Jonnalagadda16 A Comprehensive Transformative Effect of IoT, Machine Learning,and Blockchain in Computing Technology 315Deepshikha Agarwal, Khushboo Tripathi, and Kumar KrishenIndex 343