Lloyd Ridgeon lectures in Islamic Studies at the University of Glasgow. His research interests include Sufism, Islamic theology and history, modern Iranian politics and culture, Iranian cinema and literature. He is the author of Aziz Nasafi, and he has recently edited a reader entitled Modern Politics and Religion in Iran.

• 1. Introduction  1.1 Introduction to Anti-Sufism  1.2 Condition of Iran in the 19th/20th Century  1.3 Kasravi's Life  2. Kasravi and Sufism  3. What Does Hafiz Say?  4. Conclusion

Lloyd Ridgeon lectures in Islamic Studies at the University of Glasgow. His research interests include Sufism, Islamic theology and history, modern Iranian politics and culture, Iranian cinema and literature. He is the author of Aziz Nasafi, and he has recently edited a reader entitled Modern Politics and Religion in Iran.

• 1. Introduction  1.1 Introduction to Anti-Sufism  1.2 Condition of Iran in the 19th/20th Century  1.3 Kasravi's Life  2. Kasravi and Sufism  3. What Does Hafiz Say?  4. Conclusion

Lloyd Ridgeon lectures in Islamic Studies at the University of Glasgow. His research interests include Sufism, Islamic theology and history, modern Iranian politics and culture, Iranian cinema and literature. He is the author of Aziz Nasafi, and he has recently edited a reader entitled Modern Politics and Religion in Iran.

• 1. Introduction  1.1 Introduction to Anti-Sufism  1.2 Condition of Iran in the 19th/20th Century  1.3 Kasravi's Life  2. Kasravi and Sufism  3. What Does Hafiz Say?  4. Conclusion