Susannah Hagan is Reader in Architecture at the University of East London, head of the MA Architecture: Sustainability + Design and founder of Research into Environment and Design (RED) at the University of East London. Her previous publications include Taking Shape (2001), and City Fights, co-authored with Mark Hewitt (2001).

• Introduction 1. Deep Background Binary Opposites. Binary Dependencies. New Dependencies. Melds 2. The Avant-Garde: Autonomous or Engaged? The Avant-Garde's Dilemma. Manfredo Tafuri. Theodor Adorno. An Avant-Garde Now 3. The Autonomous Avant-Garde and the Digital: From Formalism to Nature. Procedural Innovation: Practice. Procedural Innovation: The Academy. The Parametric Past: Structuralism. Christopher Alexander and Generative Rules. The Dissenters. In Pursuit of Novelty. Nature Restored 4. The Engaged Avant-Garde and the Digital: From Nature to Environmental Design. Closing the Loop. Modelling Built Behaviours. Productive Form-Finding. Constructible Parametrics 5. The Avant-Garde: Meeting in the City. The Groningen Experiment. EnGen. Conclusion

Susannah Hagan is Reader in Architecture at the University of East London, head of the MA Architecture: Sustainability + Design and founder of Research into Environment and Design (RED) at the University of East London. Her previous publications include Taking Shape (2001), and City Fights, co-authored with Mark Hewitt (2001).

• Introduction 1. Deep Background Binary Opposites. Binary Dependencies. New Dependencies. Melds 2. The Avant-Garde: Autonomous or Engaged? The Avant-Garde's Dilemma. Manfredo Tafuri. Theodor Adorno. An Avant-Garde Now 3. The Autonomous Avant-Garde and the Digital: From Formalism to Nature. Procedural Innovation: Practice. Procedural Innovation: The Academy. The Parametric Past: Structuralism. Christopher Alexander and Generative Rules. The Dissenters. In Pursuit of Novelty. Nature Restored 4. The Engaged Avant-Garde and the Digital: From Nature to Environmental Design. Closing the Loop. Modelling Built Behaviours. Productive Form-Finding. Constructible Parametrics 5. The Avant-Garde: Meeting in the City. The Groningen Experiment. EnGen. Conclusion