In his capacity as Associate Professor in Hydrogeology at IHE, Johannes C. Nonner lectures in hydrogeology and groundwater exploration techniques. His special field of research at IHE covers groundwater development and environmental integrity in The Netherlands and other parts of the world, for which he is heavily involved in groundwater flow- and transport modelling. After graduating in hydrogeology at the Free University of Amsterdam in 1972, and before joining IHE in 1989, Johannes C. Nonner was involved in groundwater consultancy and training assignments around the world.

• FOREWORD VII1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 General background 11.1.1 The scope of the science 11.1.2 The application of hydrogeology 21.1.3 Historical background of the science 51.1.4 History of groundwater use 81.2 Hydrological systems 101.2.1 Earth and water 101.2.2 Water at land surface 151.2.3 Surface water systems 211.2.4 The unsaturated zone 241.2.5 Groundwater systems 292 ROCKS AND GROUNDWATER 392.1 Basic concepts 392.1.1 Physical properties of water and rock 392.1.2 Groundwater system terminology 462.2 Formation of groundwater systems 522.2.1 Groundwater systems in metamorphic and intrusive rock 522.2.2 Development of aquifers in volcanic rock 562.2.3 Aquifer formation in consolidated sediments 592.2.4 Unconsolidated sediments and groundwater systems 662.3 Groundwater exploration methods 702.3.1 Methods at land surface 702.3.2 Subsurface investigation methods 763 GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT 793.1 Principles of groundwater flow 793.1.1 Groundwater flow in unconsolidated rock 793.1.2 Groundwater flow in consolidated rock 933.2 Flow in groundwater systems 973.2.1 Basic concepts 973.2.2 Regional groundwater flow 1013.2.3 Local groundwater flow 1223.2.4 Pumping test methodology 1273.3 The flow systems concept 1293.3.1 Formation of flow systems 1293.3.2 Flow computations 1324 WATER BALANCES 1354.1 Groundwater balance concepts 1354.1.1 The general idea 1354.1.2 Practical application of groundwater balances 1404.2 Groundwater balance estimation methods 1424.2.1 Basic concepts and recharge 1424.2.2 Discharge and storage 1504.2.3 Groundwater balances using flow computations and modelling 1534.3 Groundwater balances and their environment 1554.3.1 Groundwater recharge and climate 1554.3.2 Groundwater balances and geology 1605 GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY 1695.1 Groundwater and chemical processes 1695.1.1 Chemical properties of water and rock 1695.1.2 Development of groundwater chemistry 1805.1.3 Assessment of groundwater chemistry 1875.2 Groundwater chemistry and rock types 1925.2.1 Groundwater chemistry in consolidated rocks 1925.2.2 Groundwater chemistry in unconsolidated rocks 1956 DEVELOPMENT OF GROUNDWATER 1996.1 Groundwater management 1996.1.1 Water management 1996.1.2 The role of groundwater 2026.2 Groundwater planning and investigations 2046.2.1 Water planning 2046.2.2 Selection of investigation methods 2066.2.3 Groundwater monitoring 2006.3 Groundwater resources studies 2116.3.1 Regional groundwater availability 2116.3.2 Groundwater demand 2206.3.3 Local groundwater development 223EXERCISES 231SELECTED ANSWERS TO EXERCICES 245REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 247REGISTER 255

In his capacity as Associate Professor in Hydrogeology at IHE, Johannes C. Nonner lectures in hydrogeology and groundwater exploration techniques. His special field of research at IHE covers groundwater development and environmental integrity in The Netherlands and other parts of the world, for which he is heavily involved in groundwater flow- and transport modelling. After graduating in hydrogeology at the Free University of Amsterdam in 1972, and before joining IHE in 1989, Johannes C. Nonner was involved in groundwater consultancy and training assignments around the world.

• FOREWORD VII1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 General background 11.1.1 The scope of the science 11.1.2 The application of hydrogeology 21.1.3 Historical background of the science 51.1.4 History of groundwater use 81.2 Hydrological systems 101.2.1 Earth and water 101.2.2 Water at land surface 151.2.3 Surface water systems 211.2.4 The unsaturated zone 241.2.5 Groundwater systems 292 ROCKS AND GROUNDWATER 392.1 Basic concepts 392.1.1 Physical properties of water and rock 392.1.2 Groundwater system terminology 462.2 Formation of groundwater systems 522.2.1 Groundwater systems in metamorphic and intrusive rock 522.2.2 Development of aquifers in volcanic rock 562.2.3 Aquifer formation in consolidated sediments 592.2.4 Unconsolidated sediments and groundwater systems 662.3 Groundwater exploration methods 702.3.1 Methods at land surface 702.3.2 Subsurface investigation methods 763 GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT 793.1 Principles of groundwater flow 793.1.1 Groundwater flow in unconsolidated rock 793.1.2 Groundwater flow in consolidated rock 933.2 Flow in groundwater systems 973.2.1 Basic concepts 973.2.2 Regional groundwater flow 1013.2.3 Local groundwater flow 1223.2.4 Pumping test methodology 1273.3 The flow systems concept 1293.3.1 Formation of flow systems 1293.3.2 Flow computations 1324 WATER BALANCES 1354.1 Groundwater balance concepts 1354.1.1 The general idea 1354.1.2 Practical application of groundwater balances 1404.2 Groundwater balance estimation methods 1424.2.1 Basic concepts and recharge 1424.2.2 Discharge and storage 1504.2.3 Groundwater balances using flow computations and modelling 1534.3 Groundwater balances and their environment 1554.3.1 Groundwater recharge and climate 1554.3.2 Groundwater balances and geology 1605 GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY 1695.1 Groundwater and chemical processes 1695.1.1 Chemical properties of water and rock 1695.1.2 Development of groundwater chemistry 1805.1.3 Assessment of groundwater chemistry 1875.2 Groundwater chemistry and rock types 1925.2.1 Groundwater chemistry in consolidated rocks 1925.2.2 Groundwater chemistry in unconsolidated rocks 1956 DEVELOPMENT OF GROUNDWATER 1996.1 Groundwater management 1996.1.1 Water management 1996.1.2 The role of groundwater 2026.2 Groundwater planning and investigations 2046.2.1 Water planning 2046.2.2 Selection of investigation methods 2066.2.3 Groundwater monitoring 2006.3 Groundwater resources studies 2116.3.1 Regional groundwater availability 2116.3.2 Groundwater demand 2206.3.3 Local groundwater development 223EXERCISES 231SELECTED ANSWERS TO EXERCICES 245REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 247REGISTER 255

In his capacity as Associate Professor in Hydrogeology at IHE, Johannes C. Nonner lectures in hydrogeology and groundwater exploration techniques. His special field of research at IHE covers groundwater development and environmental integrity in The Netherlands and other parts of the world, for which he is heavily involved in groundwater flow- and transport modelling. After graduating in hydrogeology at the Free University of Amsterdam in 1972, and before joining IHE in 1989, Johannes C. Nonner was involved in groundwater consultancy and training assignments around the world.

• FOREWORD VII1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 General background 11.1.1 The scope of the science 11.1.2 The application of hydrogeology 21.1.3 Historical background of the science 51.1.4 History of groundwater use 81.2 Hydrological systems 101.2.1 Earth and water 101.2.2 Water at land surface 151.2.3 Surface water systems 211.2.4 The unsaturated zone 241.2.5 Groundwater systems 292 ROCKS AND GROUNDWATER 392.1 Basic concepts 392.1.1 Physical properties of water and rock 392.1.2 Groundwater system terminology 462.2 Formation of groundwater systems 522.2.1 Groundwater systems in metamorphic and intrusive rock 522.2.2 Development of aquifers in volcanic rock 562.2.3 Aquifer formation in consolidated sediments 592.2.4 Unconsolidated sediments and groundwater systems 662.3 Groundwater exploration methods 702.3.1 Methods at land surface 702.3.2 Subsurface investigation methods 763 GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT 793.1 Principles of groundwater flow 793.1.1 Groundwater flow in unconsolidated rock 793.1.2 Groundwater flow in consolidated rock 933.2 Flow in groundwater systems 973.2.1 Basic concepts 973.2.2 Regional groundwater flow 1013.2.3 Local groundwater flow 1223.2.4 Pumping test methodology 1273.3 The flow systems concept 1293.3.1 Formation of flow systems 1293.3.2 Flow computations 1324 WATER BALANCES 1354.1 Groundwater balance concepts 1354.1.1 The general idea 1354.1.2 Practical application of groundwater balances 1404.2 Groundwater balance estimation methods 1424.2.1 Basic concepts and recharge 1424.2.2 Discharge and storage 1504.2.3 Groundwater balances using flow computations and modelling 1534.3 Groundwater balances and their environment 1554.3.1 Groundwater recharge and climate 1554.3.2 Groundwater balances and geology 1605 GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY 1695.1 Groundwater and chemical processes 1695.1.1 Chemical properties of water and rock 1695.1.2 Development of groundwater chemistry 1805.1.3 Assessment of groundwater chemistry 1875.2 Groundwater chemistry and rock types 1925.2.1 Groundwater chemistry in consolidated rocks 1925.2.2 Groundwater chemistry in unconsolidated rocks 1956 DEVELOPMENT OF GROUNDWATER 1996.1 Groundwater management 1996.1.1 Water management 1996.1.2 The role of groundwater 2026.2 Groundwater planning and investigations 2046.2.1 Water planning 2046.2.2 Selection of investigation methods 2066.2.3 Groundwater monitoring 2006.3 Groundwater resources studies 2116.3.1 Regional groundwater availability 2116.3.2 Groundwater demand 2206.3.3 Local groundwater development 223EXERCISES 231SELECTED ANSWERS TO EXERCICES 245REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 247REGISTER 255