Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR, is Professor of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and Neuroradiology Section Chief, as well as Leslie W. Davis Endowed Chair in Neuroradiology and Vice Chair of Education at the Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine with the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA is a lead author of the prior editions of this book and lead author of Diagnostic Imaging: Brain. Jhaveri is a Colonel Robert R. McCormick Professor of Diagnostic Imaging, Division Head of Neuroradiology, and Chair of the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois. Jeffrey S. Ross, MD is a Consultant for the Neuroradiology Division of the Department of Radiology at the Mayo Clinic Arizona, and Professor of Radiology at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, in Phoenix, AZ

"This third edition book has been significantly updated to ensure its relevance and clinical applicability in neuroradiology. It incorporates the latest WHO classification and nomenclature for CNS tumors and includes newly recognized conditions and differential diagnoses. With fully updated references and genetic information based on the latest Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database, readers can trust that the content aligns with the latest advancements in the field." ©Doody’s Review Service, 2023 Yash D Shah, MD, MPH (Northwell Health) Doody's Score: 5 Stars!

• SECTION 1: SKULL AND BRAINSCALP, SKULLANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS4 Skull Normal VariantsMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA6 Scalp Mass, ChildLuke L. Linscott, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD10 Scalp Mass, AdultMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA12 Congenital Anomalies of Skull BaseLuke L. Linscott, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS18 "Hair on End"Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA20 Thick Skull, GeneralizedMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA24 Thick Skull, LocalizedMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA26 Thin Skull, GeneralizedMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA28 Thin Skull, LocalizedMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA30 Lytic Skull Lesion, SolitaryMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA34 Multiple Lucent Skull LesionsMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA38 Sclerotic Skull Lesion, SolitaryMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA42 Sclerotic Skull Lesions, MultipleMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBACLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS44 Macrocrania/MacrocephalyLuke L. Linscott, MD50 MicrocephalyLuke L. Linscott, MDMENINGESANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS56 Dural Calcification(s)Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA58 Dural-Based Mass, SolitaryMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA62 Dural-Based Masses, MultipleMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA66 Falx LesionsMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBAGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS68 Thick Dura/Arachnoid, GeneralizedMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH70 Pial EnhancementMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH74 Dural Tail SignMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBAVENTRICLES, PERIVENTRICULAR REGIONSANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS76 Ventricles, Normal VariantsBernadette L. Koch, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD80 Choroid Plexus Lesions, ChildChang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD82 Choroid Plexus Lesions, AdultKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Karen L. Salzman, MD84 Ependymal/Subependymal LesionsMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA90 Lateral Ventricle MassKaren L. Salzman, MD94 Thick Septum PellucidumBlair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD96 Foramen of Monro MassTroy A. Hutchins, MD100 3rd Ventricle Mass, AnteriorKaren L. Salzman, MD104 3rd Ventricle Mass, Body/PosteriorKaren L. Salzman, MD106 Cerebral Aqueduct/Periaqueductal LesionNancy J. Fischbein, MD112 4th Ventricle Mass, ChildChang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD116 4th Ventricle Mass, AdultKaren L. Salzman, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS118 Bubbly-Appearing Intraventricular MassChang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD122 Ependymal EnhancementBlair A. Winegar, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA126 VentriculomegalyLuke L. Linscott, MD132 Small VentriclesBernadette L. Koch, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD134 Asymmetric Lateral VentriclesSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD138 Irregular Lateral VentriclesSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD142 Periventricular Enhancing LesionsSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS146 Intraventricular Calcification(s)Blair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD150 Periventricular Calcification(s)Luke L. Linscott, MD, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC154 Periventricular T2-/FLAIR-Hyperintense LesionsTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MDEXTRAAXIAL SPACES AND SUBARACHNOID CISTERNSANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS158 Subarachnoid Space Normal VariantsLuke L. Linscott, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD160 Epidural MassMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC164 Enlarged Sulci, GeneralizedTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD168 Effaced Sulci, GeneralizedTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR172 Interhemispheric Fissure CystsBernadette L. Koch, MD, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR176 CPA Mass, AdultBlair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD180 Cystic CPA MassKaren L. Salzman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD184 Prepontine Cistern MassKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA190 Ventral Foramen Magnum MassMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Karen L. Salzman, MD194 Dorsal Foramen Magnum MassMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Karen L. Salzman, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS198 Solitary Enhancing Cranial NerveMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR200 Multiple Enhancing Cranial NervesMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR204 CSF-Like Extraaxial Fluid CollectionMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH206 Convexal Subarachnoid HemorrhageMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA210 CSF-Like Extraaxial MassMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH212 Sulcal/Cisternal EnhancementMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC216 Fat in Sulci/Cisterns/VentriclesMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH218 PneumocephalusMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBAMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS220 Extraaxial Flow VoidsSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD222 T1-Hyperintense CSFMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD224 FLAIR-Hyperintense SulciMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD228 T2-Hypointense Extraaxial LesionsMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD232 Hyperdense CSFSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD234 Hyperdense Extraaxial Mass(es)Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA236 Hypodense Extraaxial Mass(es)Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MDBRAIN PARENCHYMA, GENERAL GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS240 Multiple Enhancing Lesions, GeneralKaren L. Salzman, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA244 Ring-Enhancing Lesion, SolitaryMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH250 Ring-Enhancing Lesion, MultipleMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH254 Solitary Cystic Parenchymal Mass, GeneralNancy J. Fischbein, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR260 CSF-Like Parenchymal Lesion(s)Troy A. Hutchins, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR266 Cyst With NoduleTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD270 Fat and Fat-Like Lesion(s)Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPCMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS272 Solitary Parenchymal CalcificationMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA276 Multiple Parenchymal CalcificationsBlair A. Winegar, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA280 Solitary Hyperdense Parenchymal LesionMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR286 Multiple Hyperdense Parenchymal LesionsTroy A. Hutchins, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA292 Solitary Hypodense Parenchymal LesionMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR296 Multiple Hypodense Parenchymal LesionsTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD300 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), CommonSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD306 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Less CommonSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD312 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Rare but ImportantSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD318 Multiple Hypointense Foci on T2Nancy J. Fischbein, MD320 Multiple Hypointense Foci on GRE/SWINancy J. Fischbein, MD324 T1-/T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal LesionsSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR328 T1-Hypointense, T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal LesionsSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD332 T1-/T2-Isointense Parenchymal LesionsSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD336 Restricted Diffusion, GeneralMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD342 Restricted Diffusion, CortexMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA344 Restricted Diffusion, Basal GangliaMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA348 T1-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesion(s)Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACRCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS352 Brain Tumor in Newborn/InfantChang Yueh Ho, MD358 Brain Tumor in Child > 1 YearChang Yueh Ho, MD364 Epilepsy, ChildLuke L. Linscott, MD370 Epilepsy, AdultChang Yueh Ho, MD and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MDSUPRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMAANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS372 Asymmetric Cerebral HemispheresSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA378 Thick Cerebral CortexLuke L. Linscott, MD384 Thin CortexKaren L. Salzman, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Chang Yueh Ho, MD390 Focal Cortical MassChang Yueh Ho, MD and James D. Eastwood, MD396 Cortical Hyperintensity T2/FLAIRKaren L. Salzman, MD400 Cortical EnhancementKaren L. Salzman, MD402 Solitary White Matter LesionSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD406 Confluent White Matter LesionsKaren L. Salzman, MD412 Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus CallosumLuke L. Linscott, MD418 Corpus Callosum HolesTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD420 Corpus Callosum Lesion Without Mass EffectKaren L. Salzman, MD422 Corpus Callosum MassKaren L. Salzman, MD424 Corpus Callosum Splenium LesionTroy A. Hutchins, MD428 Medial Temporal Lobe LesionChang Yueh Ho, MD434 Hippocampal LesionChang Yueh Ho, MD438 Basal Ganglia CalcificationKaren L. Salzman, MD442 Hyperdense Basal GangliaKaren L. Salzman, MD444 Hypodense Basal GangliaKaren L. Salzman, MD448 T1-Hyperintense Basal GangliaKaren L. Salzman, MD452 T2-Hyperintense Basal GangliaKaren L. Salzman, MD456 Enlarged Perivascular SpacesKaren L. Salzman, MD458 Perivascular Space Enhancing LesionsKaren L. Salzman, MD462 Bilateral Basal Ganglia LesionsNancy J. Fischbein, MD466 Putamen Lesion(s)Karen L. Salzman, MD468 Globus Pallidus Lesion(s)Karen L. Salzman, MD472 Unilateral Thalamic LesionKaren L. Salzman, MD474 Bithalamic LesionsNancy J. Fischbein, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD478 Pulvinar SignKaren L. Salzman, MD480 Tectal (Quadrigeminal Plate) LesionKaren L. Salzman, MDINFRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMAANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS482 Large BrainstemKaren L. Salzman, MD484 Small BrainstemKaren L. Salzman, MD486 T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, FocalKaren L. Salzman, MD488 T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, DiffuseKaren L. Salzman, MD490 Midbrain LesionNancy J. Fischbein, MD494 Pontine LesionNancy J. Fischbein, MD500 Medulla LesionNancy J. Fischbein, MD504 Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Lesion(s)Nancy J. Fischbein, MD508 Cerebellar AtrophyAnne G. Osborn, MD, FACR and Chang Yueh Ho, MD512 Cerebellar Hemisphere MassChang Yueh Ho, MD518 Vermis MassChang Yueh Ho, MD522 Low Cerebellar TonsilsLuke L. Linscott, MD?GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS524 Cystic-Appearing Posterior Fossa LesionLuke L. Linscott, MDCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS530 Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, AdultTabassum A. Kennedy, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR534 Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, PediatricChang Yueh Ho, MDSELLA/JUXTASELLAR, PINEAL REGIONANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS540 Pineal Region Mass, GeneralChang Yueh Ho, MD and Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA544 Pineal Gland MassChang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD546 Quadrigeminal Cistern MassChang Yueh Ho, MD548 Pineal + Suprasellar LesionsKaren L. Salzman, MD550 Sella/Pituitary Normal VariantsKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD552 Sellar/Juxtasellar CalcificationBlair A. Winegar, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR556 Enlarged Pituitary GlandKaren L. Salzman, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR558 Intrasellar LesionBlair A. Winegar, MD, Karen L. Salzman, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR560 Cystic Intrasellar MassKaren L. Salzman, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR562 Suprasellar Mass, ChildChang Yueh Ho, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR568 Suprasellar Mass, AdultKaren L. Salzman, MD572 Suprasellar Cystic MassTabassum A. Kennedy, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD576 Calcified Suprasellar MassBlair A. Winegar, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD578 Enhancing Suprasellar MassKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD580 Sellar/Parasellar Mass With Skull Base InvasionBlair A. Winegar, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR584 Absent/Thin Infundibular StalkBernadette L. Koch, MD, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR586 Thick Infundibular StalkKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR588 Hypothalamus LesionKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACRMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS592 Hyperdense Suprasellar MassKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD594 T1-Hyperintense Suprasellar MassKaren L. Salzman, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACRARTERIESANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS596 Multifocal Arterial NarrowingHediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS and J. Scott McNally, MD, PhD600 Vessel Wall AbnormalitiesHediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS and J. Scott McNally, MD, PhD604 Fusiform Arterial EnlargementHediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS and Chang Yueh Ho, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS606 Hyperattenuating ("Dense") ArteryHediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS, Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC, and Karen L. Salzman, MDVEINS, VENOUS SINUSESANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS08 Dural Sinus Lesion, Generallair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD612 Enlarged Cortical VeinsBlair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD614 Prominent/Enlarged Deep (Medullary/Ependymal) VeinsKaren L. Salzman, MD and James D. Eastwood, MD618 Abnormally Enhancing Medullary VeinsHediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS620 Unilateral Cavernous Sinus MassSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD, Marinos Kontzialis, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR624 Bilateral Cavernous Sinus LesionsBlair A. Winegar, MD, Karen L. Salzman, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR628 Meckel Cave LesionKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS632 Hyperdense Dural SinusKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD636 GRE/SWI Venous AbnormalitiesKalen Riley, MD, MBA and Miriam E. Peckham, MDCRANIAL NERVESCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS638 Hemifacial SpasmNicholas A. Koontz, MD642 Sensorineural Hearing Loss in AdultNicholas A. Koontz, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD646 Sensorineural Hearing Loss in ChildBernadette L. Koch, MD652 Bitemporal Heteronymous HemianopsiaBlair A. Winegar, MD and Kristine M. Mosier, DMD, PhD658 Homonymous HemianopsiaTabassum A. Kennedy, MD662 Oculomotor, Trochlear, or Abducens NeuropathyNicholas A. Koontz, MD668 Trigeminal NeuralgiaNicholas A. Koontz, MD672 Complex Cranial Nerve IX-XII NeuropathyNicholas A. Koontz, MD678 Horner SyndromeNicholas A. Koontz, MDSECTION 2: SPINETRANSSPATIALANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS686 Cervical, Chronic Posttraumatic AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD688 Cervical, Lower, Posttraumatic Bony AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD690 Thoracic Bony TraumaJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD692 Lumbar Bony TraumaJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS694 KyphosisJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD696 Kyphoscoliosis, ChildJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD698 Platyspondyly, DiffuseJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD700 Sacral Mass, AdultJeffrey S. Ross, MD704 Sacrococcygeal Mass, PediatricJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD708 Sacral DeformityJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD712 Multicompartmental MassJeffrey S. Ross, MDCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS718 Acute Back Pain/Radiculopathy, PostoperativeJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD724 Chronic Back Pain/Radiculopathy, PostoperativeJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD730 Acute Upper Extremity Pain/WeaknessJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD736 Lower Extremity PainJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD740 Back Pain, AdultJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD746 Back Pain, PediatricJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MDCRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTIONANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS750 Craniocervical Junction Acute InjuryJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD754 Craniovertebral Junction Abnormality, GeneralJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD758 Craniovertebral Junction Soft Tissue AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS762 C1-C2 InstabilityJeffrey S. Ross, MD766 Odontoid DeformityJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MDVERTEBRAL BODY, POSTERIOR ELEMENTSANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS768 Congenital Vertebral AnomaliesJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD770 Cervical Bony FusionJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS772 Flattened Vertebral Body, SolitaryJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD774 Flattened Vertebral Body, MultipleJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD776 Dysmorphic Vertebral BodyJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Kevin R. Moore, MD, and Julia R. Crim, MD778 Enlarged Vertebral Body/Posterior ElementJeffrey S. Ross, MD782 Enlarged Neural ForamenJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD784 Vertebral Body Scalloping/Widened CanalJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD786 SpondylolisthesisJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD790 Bony Lesion, AggressiveJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD794 Fracture, Vertebral BodyJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD798 Facet Abnormality, NontraumaticJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD800 Fracture, Posterior ElementJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD802 Pedicle AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS806 Enlarged Vertebral Body, Soap Bubble ExpansionJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD810 Vertebral Body Sclerosis, FocalJeffrey S. Ross, MD814 Vertebral Body Sclerosis, DiffuseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD816 Vertebral Body Thickened Bony TrabeculaeJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD818 Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, DiffuseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD820 Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, FocalJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD822 Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, DiffuseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD826 Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, FocalJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MDINTERVERTEBRAL DISC, ENDPLATEGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS828 Disc Contour AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD832 Intervertebral Disc/Endplate IrregularityJeffrey S. Ross, MD836 Vertebral Endplate Contour AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS840 Intervertebral Disc, T1 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD842 Intervertebral Disc, T2 HyperintenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD844 Vertebral Endplate Signal AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MDEXTRADURALANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS846 Epidural MassJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD852 Ventral/Lateral Paraspinal MassJeffrey S. Ross, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS854 Paraspinal Muscle AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD856 Extradural Lesions, MultipleJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD858 Extradural Lesion, No EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD860 Extradural Lesion, Solid EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD864 Epidural FluidJeffrey S. Ross, MD?MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS868 Soft Tissue Calcification, ParaspinalJeffrey S. Ross, MD870 Extradural, Normal Marrow SignalJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD874 Extradural, Abnormal Marrow SignalJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD878 Extradural Lesion, T1 HyperintenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD880 Extradural Lesion, T1 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD884 Extradural Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 IsointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD888 Extradural Lesion, T2 Hypointense, T1 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MDCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS890 Lumbar Soft Tissue Mass, PediatricJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MDINTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARYANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS894 Cauda Equina Enhancement, DiffuseJeffrey S. Ross, MD898 Subarachnoid Space NarrowingJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD900 Intradural Extramedullary, Leptomeningeal EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS904 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, No EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD908 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Solid EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD912 Intradural Lesion, SerpentineJeffrey S. Ross, MD914 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, MultipleJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS918 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD922 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 HyperintenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD924 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD928 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD930 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 IsointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MDCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS932 Cauda Equina SyndromeJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MDINTRAMEDULLARYANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS934 Intramedullary MassJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD938 Conus AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS942 Intramedullary Lesions, MultipleJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD944 Intramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement=Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD948 Intramedullary Lesion, No EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD950 Intramedullary Lesion, Diffuse/Ill-Defined EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD954 Intramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS956 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD958 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD960 Intramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 IsointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD964 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 HyperintenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD970 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, VentralJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD972 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, DorsalJeffrey S. Ross, MD976 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, CentralJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MDCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS982 MyelopathyJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR, is Professor of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and Neuroradiology Section Chief, as well as Leslie W. Davis Endowed Chair in Neuroradiology and Vice Chair of Education at the Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine with the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA is a lead author of the prior editions of this book and lead author of Diagnostic Imaging: Brain. Jhaveri is a Colonel Robert R. McCormick Professor of Diagnostic Imaging, Division Head of Neuroradiology, and Chair of the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois. Jeffrey S. Ross, MD is a Consultant for the Neuroradiology Division of the Department of Radiology at the Mayo Clinic Arizona, and Professor of Radiology at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, in Phoenix, AZ

"This third edition book has been significantly updated to ensure its relevance and clinical applicability in neuroradiology. It incorporates the latest WHO classification and nomenclature for CNS tumors and includes newly recognized conditions and differential diagnoses. With fully updated references and genetic information based on the latest Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database, readers can trust that the content aligns with the latest advancements in the field." ©Doody’s Review Service, 2023 Yash D Shah, MD, MPH (Northwell Health) Doody's Score: 5 Stars!

• SECTION 1: SKULL AND BRAINSCALP, SKULLANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS4 Skull Normal VariantsMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA6 Scalp Mass, ChildLuke L. Linscott, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD10 Scalp Mass, AdultMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA12 Congenital Anomalies of Skull BaseLuke L. Linscott, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS18 "Hair on End"Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA20 Thick Skull, GeneralizedMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA24 Thick Skull, LocalizedMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA26 Thin Skull, GeneralizedMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA28 Thin Skull, LocalizedMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA30 Lytic Skull Lesion, SolitaryMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA34 Multiple Lucent Skull LesionsMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA38 Sclerotic Skull Lesion, SolitaryMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA42 Sclerotic Skull Lesions, MultipleMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBACLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS44 Macrocrania/MacrocephalyLuke L. Linscott, MD50 MicrocephalyLuke L. Linscott, MDMENINGESANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS56 Dural Calcification(s)Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA58 Dural-Based Mass, SolitaryMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA62 Dural-Based Masses, MultipleMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA66 Falx LesionsMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBAGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS68 Thick Dura/Arachnoid, GeneralizedMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH70 Pial EnhancementMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH74 Dural Tail SignMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBAVENTRICLES, PERIVENTRICULAR REGIONSANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS76 Ventricles, Normal VariantsBernadette L. Koch, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD80 Choroid Plexus Lesions, ChildChang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD82 Choroid Plexus Lesions, AdultKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Karen L. Salzman, MD84 Ependymal/Subependymal LesionsMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA90 Lateral Ventricle MassKaren L. Salzman, MD94 Thick Septum PellucidumBlair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD96 Foramen of Monro MassTroy A. Hutchins, MD100 3rd Ventricle Mass, AnteriorKaren L. Salzman, MD104 3rd Ventricle Mass, Body/PosteriorKaren L. Salzman, MD106 Cerebral Aqueduct/Periaqueductal LesionNancy J. Fischbein, MD112 4th Ventricle Mass, ChildChang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD116 4th Ventricle Mass, AdultKaren L. Salzman, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS118 Bubbly-Appearing Intraventricular MassChang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD122 Ependymal EnhancementBlair A. Winegar, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA126 VentriculomegalyLuke L. Linscott, MD132 Small VentriclesBernadette L. Koch, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD134 Asymmetric Lateral VentriclesSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD138 Irregular Lateral VentriclesSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD142 Periventricular Enhancing LesionsSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS146 Intraventricular Calcification(s)Blair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD150 Periventricular Calcification(s)Luke L. Linscott, MD, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC154 Periventricular T2-/FLAIR-Hyperintense LesionsTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MDEXTRAAXIAL SPACES AND SUBARACHNOID CISTERNSANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS158 Subarachnoid Space Normal VariantsLuke L. Linscott, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD160 Epidural MassMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC164 Enlarged Sulci, GeneralizedTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD168 Effaced Sulci, GeneralizedTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR172 Interhemispheric Fissure CystsBernadette L. Koch, MD, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR176 CPA Mass, AdultBlair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD180 Cystic CPA MassKaren L. Salzman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD184 Prepontine Cistern MassKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA190 Ventral Foramen Magnum MassMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Karen L. Salzman, MD194 Dorsal Foramen Magnum MassMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Karen L. Salzman, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS198 Solitary Enhancing Cranial NerveMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR200 Multiple Enhancing Cranial NervesMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR204 CSF-Like Extraaxial Fluid CollectionMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH206 Convexal Subarachnoid HemorrhageMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA210 CSF-Like Extraaxial MassMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH212 Sulcal/Cisternal EnhancementMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC216 Fat in Sulci/Cisterns/VentriclesMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH218 PneumocephalusMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBAMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS220 Extraaxial Flow VoidsSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD222 T1-Hyperintense CSFMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD224 FLAIR-Hyperintense SulciMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD228 T2-Hypointense Extraaxial LesionsMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD232 Hyperdense CSFSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD234 Hyperdense Extraaxial Mass(es)Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA236 Hypodense Extraaxial Mass(es)Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MDBRAIN PARENCHYMA, GENERAL GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS240 Multiple Enhancing Lesions, GeneralKaren L. Salzman, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA244 Ring-Enhancing Lesion, SolitaryMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH250 Ring-Enhancing Lesion, MultipleMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH254 Solitary Cystic Parenchymal Mass, GeneralNancy J. Fischbein, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR260 CSF-Like Parenchymal Lesion(s)Troy A. Hutchins, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR266 Cyst With NoduleTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD270 Fat and Fat-Like Lesion(s)Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPCMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS272 Solitary Parenchymal CalcificationMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA276 Multiple Parenchymal CalcificationsBlair A. Winegar, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA280 Solitary Hyperdense Parenchymal LesionMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR286 Multiple Hyperdense Parenchymal LesionsTroy A. Hutchins, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA292 Solitary Hypodense Parenchymal LesionMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR296 Multiple Hypodense Parenchymal LesionsTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD300 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), CommonSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD306 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Less CommonSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD312 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Rare but ImportantSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD318 Multiple Hypointense Foci on T2Nancy J. Fischbein, MD320 Multiple Hypointense Foci on GRE/SWINancy J. Fischbein, MD324 T1-/T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal LesionsSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR328 T1-Hypointense, T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal LesionsSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD332 T1-/T2-Isointense Parenchymal LesionsSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD336 Restricted Diffusion, GeneralMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD342 Restricted Diffusion, CortexMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA344 Restricted Diffusion, Basal GangliaMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA348 T1-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesion(s)Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACRCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS352 Brain Tumor in Newborn/InfantChang Yueh Ho, MD358 Brain Tumor in Child > 1 YearChang Yueh Ho, MD364 Epilepsy, ChildLuke L. Linscott, MD370 Epilepsy, AdultChang Yueh Ho, MD and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MDSUPRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMAANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS372 Asymmetric Cerebral HemispheresSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA378 Thick Cerebral CortexLuke L. Linscott, MD384 Thin CortexKaren L. Salzman, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Chang Yueh Ho, MD390 Focal Cortical MassChang Yueh Ho, MD and James D. Eastwood, MD396 Cortical Hyperintensity T2/FLAIRKaren L. Salzman, MD400 Cortical EnhancementKaren L. Salzman, MD402 Solitary White Matter LesionSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD406 Confluent White Matter LesionsKaren L. Salzman, MD412 Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus CallosumLuke L. Linscott, MD418 Corpus Callosum HolesTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD420 Corpus Callosum Lesion Without Mass EffectKaren L. Salzman, MD422 Corpus Callosum MassKaren L. Salzman, MD424 Corpus Callosum Splenium LesionTroy A. Hutchins, MD428 Medial Temporal Lobe LesionChang Yueh Ho, MD434 Hippocampal LesionChang Yueh Ho, MD438 Basal Ganglia CalcificationKaren L. Salzman, MD442 Hyperdense Basal GangliaKaren L. Salzman, MD444 Hypodense Basal GangliaKaren L. Salzman, MD448 T1-Hyperintense Basal GangliaKaren L. Salzman, MD452 T2-Hyperintense Basal GangliaKaren L. Salzman, MD456 Enlarged Perivascular SpacesKaren L. Salzman, MD458 Perivascular Space Enhancing LesionsKaren L. Salzman, MD462 Bilateral Basal Ganglia LesionsNancy J. Fischbein, MD466 Putamen Lesion(s)Karen L. Salzman, MD468 Globus Pallidus Lesion(s)Karen L. Salzman, MD472 Unilateral Thalamic LesionKaren L. Salzman, MD474 Bithalamic LesionsNancy J. Fischbein, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD478 Pulvinar SignKaren L. Salzman, MD480 Tectal (Quadrigeminal Plate) LesionKaren L. Salzman, MDINFRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMAANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS482 Large BrainstemKaren L. Salzman, MD484 Small BrainstemKaren L. Salzman, MD486 T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, FocalKaren L. Salzman, MD488 T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, DiffuseKaren L. Salzman, MD490 Midbrain LesionNancy J. Fischbein, MD494 Pontine LesionNancy J. Fischbein, MD500 Medulla LesionNancy J. Fischbein, MD504 Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Lesion(s)Nancy J. Fischbein, MD508 Cerebellar AtrophyAnne G. Osborn, MD, FACR and Chang Yueh Ho, MD512 Cerebellar Hemisphere MassChang Yueh Ho, MD518 Vermis MassChang Yueh Ho, MD522 Low Cerebellar TonsilsLuke L. Linscott, MD?GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS524 Cystic-Appearing Posterior Fossa LesionLuke L. Linscott, MDCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS530 Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, AdultTabassum A. Kennedy, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR534 Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, PediatricChang Yueh Ho, MDSELLA/JUXTASELLAR, PINEAL REGIONANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS540 Pineal Region Mass, GeneralChang Yueh Ho, MD and Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA544 Pineal Gland MassChang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD546 Quadrigeminal Cistern MassChang Yueh Ho, MD548 Pineal + Suprasellar LesionsKaren L. Salzman, MD550 Sella/Pituitary Normal VariantsKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD552 Sellar/Juxtasellar CalcificationBlair A. Winegar, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR556 Enlarged Pituitary GlandKaren L. Salzman, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR558 Intrasellar LesionBlair A. Winegar, MD, Karen L. Salzman, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR560 Cystic Intrasellar MassKaren L. Salzman, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR562 Suprasellar Mass, ChildChang Yueh Ho, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR568 Suprasellar Mass, AdultKaren L. Salzman, MD572 Suprasellar Cystic MassTabassum A. Kennedy, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD576 Calcified Suprasellar MassBlair A. Winegar, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD578 Enhancing Suprasellar MassKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD580 Sellar/Parasellar Mass With Skull Base InvasionBlair A. Winegar, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR584 Absent/Thin Infundibular StalkBernadette L. Koch, MD, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR586 Thick Infundibular StalkKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR588 Hypothalamus LesionKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACRMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS592 Hyperdense Suprasellar MassKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD594 T1-Hyperintense Suprasellar MassKaren L. Salzman, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACRARTERIESANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS596 Multifocal Arterial NarrowingHediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS and J. Scott McNally, MD, PhD600 Vessel Wall AbnormalitiesHediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS and J. Scott McNally, MD, PhD604 Fusiform Arterial EnlargementHediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS and Chang Yueh Ho, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS606 Hyperattenuating ("Dense") ArteryHediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS, Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC, and Karen L. Salzman, MDVEINS, VENOUS SINUSESANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS08 Dural Sinus Lesion, Generallair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD612 Enlarged Cortical VeinsBlair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD614 Prominent/Enlarged Deep (Medullary/Ependymal) VeinsKaren L. Salzman, MD and James D. Eastwood, MD618 Abnormally Enhancing Medullary VeinsHediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS620 Unilateral Cavernous Sinus MassSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD, Marinos Kontzialis, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR624 Bilateral Cavernous Sinus LesionsBlair A. Winegar, MD, Karen L. Salzman, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR628 Meckel Cave LesionKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS632 Hyperdense Dural SinusKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD636 GRE/SWI Venous AbnormalitiesKalen Riley, MD, MBA and Miriam E. Peckham, MDCRANIAL NERVESCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS638 Hemifacial SpasmNicholas A. Koontz, MD642 Sensorineural Hearing Loss in AdultNicholas A. Koontz, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD646 Sensorineural Hearing Loss in ChildBernadette L. Koch, MD652 Bitemporal Heteronymous HemianopsiaBlair A. Winegar, MD and Kristine M. Mosier, DMD, PhD658 Homonymous HemianopsiaTabassum A. Kennedy, MD662 Oculomotor, Trochlear, or Abducens NeuropathyNicholas A. Koontz, MD668 Trigeminal NeuralgiaNicholas A. Koontz, MD672 Complex Cranial Nerve IX-XII NeuropathyNicholas A. Koontz, MD678 Horner SyndromeNicholas A. Koontz, MDSECTION 2: SPINETRANSSPATIALANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS686 Cervical, Chronic Posttraumatic AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD688 Cervical, Lower, Posttraumatic Bony AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD690 Thoracic Bony TraumaJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD692 Lumbar Bony TraumaJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS694 KyphosisJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD696 Kyphoscoliosis, ChildJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD698 Platyspondyly, DiffuseJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD700 Sacral Mass, AdultJeffrey S. Ross, MD704 Sacrococcygeal Mass, PediatricJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD708 Sacral DeformityJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD712 Multicompartmental MassJeffrey S. Ross, MDCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS718 Acute Back Pain/Radiculopathy, PostoperativeJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD724 Chronic Back Pain/Radiculopathy, PostoperativeJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD730 Acute Upper Extremity Pain/WeaknessJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD736 Lower Extremity PainJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD740 Back Pain, AdultJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD746 Back Pain, PediatricJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MDCRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTIONANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS750 Craniocervical Junction Acute InjuryJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD754 Craniovertebral Junction Abnormality, GeneralJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD758 Craniovertebral Junction Soft Tissue AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS762 C1-C2 InstabilityJeffrey S. Ross, MD766 Odontoid DeformityJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MDVERTEBRAL BODY, POSTERIOR ELEMENTSANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS768 Congenital Vertebral AnomaliesJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD770 Cervical Bony FusionJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS772 Flattened Vertebral Body, SolitaryJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD774 Flattened Vertebral Body, MultipleJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD776 Dysmorphic Vertebral BodyJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Kevin R. Moore, MD, and Julia R. Crim, MD778 Enlarged Vertebral Body/Posterior ElementJeffrey S. Ross, MD782 Enlarged Neural ForamenJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD784 Vertebral Body Scalloping/Widened CanalJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD786 SpondylolisthesisJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD790 Bony Lesion, AggressiveJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD794 Fracture, Vertebral BodyJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD798 Facet Abnormality, NontraumaticJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD800 Fracture, Posterior ElementJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD802 Pedicle AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS806 Enlarged Vertebral Body, Soap Bubble ExpansionJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD810 Vertebral Body Sclerosis, FocalJeffrey S. Ross, MD814 Vertebral Body Sclerosis, DiffuseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD816 Vertebral Body Thickened Bony TrabeculaeJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD818 Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, DiffuseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD820 Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, FocalJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD822 Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, DiffuseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD826 Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, FocalJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MDINTERVERTEBRAL DISC, ENDPLATEGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS828 Disc Contour AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD832 Intervertebral Disc/Endplate IrregularityJeffrey S. Ross, MD836 Vertebral Endplate Contour AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS840 Intervertebral Disc, T1 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD842 Intervertebral Disc, T2 HyperintenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD844 Vertebral Endplate Signal AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MDEXTRADURALANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS846 Epidural MassJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD852 Ventral/Lateral Paraspinal MassJeffrey S. Ross, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS854 Paraspinal Muscle AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD856 Extradural Lesions, MultipleJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD858 Extradural Lesion, No EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD860 Extradural Lesion, Solid EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD864 Epidural FluidJeffrey S. Ross, MD?MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS868 Soft Tissue Calcification, ParaspinalJeffrey S. Ross, MD870 Extradural, Normal Marrow SignalJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD874 Extradural, Abnormal Marrow SignalJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD878 Extradural Lesion, T1 HyperintenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD880 Extradural Lesion, T1 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD884 Extradural Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 IsointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD888 Extradural Lesion, T2 Hypointense, T1 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MDCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS890 Lumbar Soft Tissue Mass, PediatricJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MDINTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARYANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS894 Cauda Equina Enhancement, DiffuseJeffrey S. Ross, MD898 Subarachnoid Space NarrowingJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD900 Intradural Extramedullary, Leptomeningeal EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS904 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, No EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD908 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Solid EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD912 Intradural Lesion, SerpentineJeffrey S. Ross, MD914 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, MultipleJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS918 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD922 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 HyperintenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD924 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD928 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD930 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 IsointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MDCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS932 Cauda Equina SyndromeJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MDINTRAMEDULLARYANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS934 Intramedullary MassJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD938 Conus AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS942 Intramedullary Lesions, MultipleJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD944 Intramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement=Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD948 Intramedullary Lesion, No EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD950 Intramedullary Lesion, Diffuse/Ill-Defined EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD954 Intramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS956 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD958 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD960 Intramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 IsointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD964 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 HyperintenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD970 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, VentralJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD972 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, DorsalJeffrey S. Ross, MD976 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, CentralJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MDCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS982 MyelopathyJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR, is Professor of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and Neuroradiology Section Chief, as well as Leslie W. Davis Endowed Chair in Neuroradiology and Vice Chair of Education at the Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine with the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA is a lead author of the prior editions of this book and lead author of Diagnostic Imaging: Brain. Jhaveri is a Colonel Robert R. McCormick Professor of Diagnostic Imaging, Division Head of Neuroradiology, and Chair of the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois. Jeffrey S. Ross, MD is a Consultant for the Neuroradiology Division of the Department of Radiology at the Mayo Clinic Arizona, and Professor of Radiology at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, in Phoenix, AZ

"This third edition book has been significantly updated to ensure its relevance and clinical applicability in neuroradiology. It incorporates the latest WHO classification and nomenclature for CNS tumors and includes newly recognized conditions and differential diagnoses. With fully updated references and genetic information based on the latest Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database, readers can trust that the content aligns with the latest advancements in the field." ©Doody’s Review Service, 2023 Yash D Shah, MD, MPH (Northwell Health) Doody's Score: 5 Stars!

• SECTION 1: SKULL AND BRAINSCALP, SKULLANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS4 Skull Normal VariantsMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA6 Scalp Mass, ChildLuke L. Linscott, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD10 Scalp Mass, AdultMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA12 Congenital Anomalies of Skull BaseLuke L. Linscott, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS18 "Hair on End"Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA20 Thick Skull, GeneralizedMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA24 Thick Skull, LocalizedMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA26 Thin Skull, GeneralizedMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA28 Thin Skull, LocalizedMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA30 Lytic Skull Lesion, SolitaryMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA34 Multiple Lucent Skull LesionsMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA38 Sclerotic Skull Lesion, SolitaryMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA42 Sclerotic Skull Lesions, MultipleMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBACLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS44 Macrocrania/MacrocephalyLuke L. Linscott, MD50 MicrocephalyLuke L. Linscott, MDMENINGESANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS56 Dural Calcification(s)Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA58 Dural-Based Mass, SolitaryMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA62 Dural-Based Masses, MultipleMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA66 Falx LesionsMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBAGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS68 Thick Dura/Arachnoid, GeneralizedMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH70 Pial EnhancementMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH74 Dural Tail SignMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBAVENTRICLES, PERIVENTRICULAR REGIONSANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS76 Ventricles, Normal VariantsBernadette L. Koch, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD80 Choroid Plexus Lesions, ChildChang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD82 Choroid Plexus Lesions, AdultKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Karen L. Salzman, MD84 Ependymal/Subependymal LesionsMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA90 Lateral Ventricle MassKaren L. Salzman, MD94 Thick Septum PellucidumBlair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD96 Foramen of Monro MassTroy A. Hutchins, MD100 3rd Ventricle Mass, AnteriorKaren L. Salzman, MD104 3rd Ventricle Mass, Body/PosteriorKaren L. Salzman, MD106 Cerebral Aqueduct/Periaqueductal LesionNancy J. Fischbein, MD112 4th Ventricle Mass, ChildChang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD116 4th Ventricle Mass, AdultKaren L. Salzman, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS118 Bubbly-Appearing Intraventricular MassChang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD122 Ependymal EnhancementBlair A. Winegar, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA126 VentriculomegalyLuke L. Linscott, MD132 Small VentriclesBernadette L. Koch, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD134 Asymmetric Lateral VentriclesSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD138 Irregular Lateral VentriclesSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD142 Periventricular Enhancing LesionsSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS146 Intraventricular Calcification(s)Blair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD150 Periventricular Calcification(s)Luke L. Linscott, MD, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC154 Periventricular T2-/FLAIR-Hyperintense LesionsTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MDEXTRAAXIAL SPACES AND SUBARACHNOID CISTERNSANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS158 Subarachnoid Space Normal VariantsLuke L. Linscott, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD160 Epidural MassMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC164 Enlarged Sulci, GeneralizedTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD168 Effaced Sulci, GeneralizedTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR172 Interhemispheric Fissure CystsBernadette L. Koch, MD, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR176 CPA Mass, AdultBlair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD180 Cystic CPA MassKaren L. Salzman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD184 Prepontine Cistern MassKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA190 Ventral Foramen Magnum MassMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Karen L. Salzman, MD194 Dorsal Foramen Magnum MassMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Karen L. Salzman, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS198 Solitary Enhancing Cranial NerveMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR200 Multiple Enhancing Cranial NervesMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR204 CSF-Like Extraaxial Fluid CollectionMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH206 Convexal Subarachnoid HemorrhageMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA210 CSF-Like Extraaxial MassMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH212 Sulcal/Cisternal EnhancementMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC216 Fat in Sulci/Cisterns/VentriclesMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH218 PneumocephalusMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBAMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS220 Extraaxial Flow VoidsSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD222 T1-Hyperintense CSFMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD224 FLAIR-Hyperintense SulciMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD228 T2-Hypointense Extraaxial LesionsMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD232 Hyperdense CSFSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD234 Hyperdense Extraaxial Mass(es)Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA236 Hypodense Extraaxial Mass(es)Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MDBRAIN PARENCHYMA, GENERAL GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS240 Multiple Enhancing Lesions, GeneralKaren L. Salzman, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA244 Ring-Enhancing Lesion, SolitaryMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH250 Ring-Enhancing Lesion, MultipleMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH254 Solitary Cystic Parenchymal Mass, GeneralNancy J. Fischbein, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR260 CSF-Like Parenchymal Lesion(s)Troy A. Hutchins, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR266 Cyst With NoduleTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD270 Fat and Fat-Like Lesion(s)Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPCMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS272 Solitary Parenchymal CalcificationMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA276 Multiple Parenchymal CalcificationsBlair A. Winegar, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA280 Solitary Hyperdense Parenchymal LesionMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR286 Multiple Hyperdense Parenchymal LesionsTroy A. Hutchins, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA292 Solitary Hypodense Parenchymal LesionMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR296 Multiple Hypodense Parenchymal LesionsTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD300 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), CommonSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD306 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Less CommonSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD312 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Rare but ImportantSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD318 Multiple Hypointense Foci on T2Nancy J. Fischbein, MD320 Multiple Hypointense Foci on GRE/SWINancy J. Fischbein, MD324 T1-/T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal LesionsSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR328 T1-Hypointense, T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal LesionsSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD332 T1-/T2-Isointense Parenchymal LesionsSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD336 Restricted Diffusion, GeneralMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD342 Restricted Diffusion, CortexMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA344 Restricted Diffusion, Basal GangliaMiral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA348 T1-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesion(s)Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACRCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS352 Brain Tumor in Newborn/InfantChang Yueh Ho, MD358 Brain Tumor in Child > 1 YearChang Yueh Ho, MD364 Epilepsy, ChildLuke L. Linscott, MD370 Epilepsy, AdultChang Yueh Ho, MD and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MDSUPRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMAANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS372 Asymmetric Cerebral HemispheresSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA378 Thick Cerebral CortexLuke L. Linscott, MD384 Thin CortexKaren L. Salzman, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Chang Yueh Ho, MD390 Focal Cortical MassChang Yueh Ho, MD and James D. Eastwood, MD396 Cortical Hyperintensity T2/FLAIRKaren L. Salzman, MD400 Cortical EnhancementKaren L. Salzman, MD402 Solitary White Matter LesionSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD406 Confluent White Matter LesionsKaren L. Salzman, MD412 Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus CallosumLuke L. Linscott, MD418 Corpus Callosum HolesTroy A. Hutchins, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD420 Corpus Callosum Lesion Without Mass EffectKaren L. Salzman, MD422 Corpus Callosum MassKaren L. Salzman, MD424 Corpus Callosum Splenium LesionTroy A. Hutchins, MD428 Medial Temporal Lobe LesionChang Yueh Ho, MD434 Hippocampal LesionChang Yueh Ho, MD438 Basal Ganglia CalcificationKaren L. Salzman, MD442 Hyperdense Basal GangliaKaren L. Salzman, MD444 Hypodense Basal GangliaKaren L. Salzman, MD448 T1-Hyperintense Basal GangliaKaren L. Salzman, MD452 T2-Hyperintense Basal GangliaKaren L. Salzman, MD456 Enlarged Perivascular SpacesKaren L. Salzman, MD458 Perivascular Space Enhancing LesionsKaren L. Salzman, MD462 Bilateral Basal Ganglia LesionsNancy J. Fischbein, MD466 Putamen Lesion(s)Karen L. Salzman, MD468 Globus Pallidus Lesion(s)Karen L. Salzman, MD472 Unilateral Thalamic LesionKaren L. Salzman, MD474 Bithalamic LesionsNancy J. Fischbein, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD478 Pulvinar SignKaren L. Salzman, MD480 Tectal (Quadrigeminal Plate) LesionKaren L. Salzman, MDINFRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMAANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS482 Large BrainstemKaren L. Salzman, MD484 Small BrainstemKaren L. Salzman, MD486 T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, FocalKaren L. Salzman, MD488 T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, DiffuseKaren L. Salzman, MD490 Midbrain LesionNancy J. Fischbein, MD494 Pontine LesionNancy J. Fischbein, MD500 Medulla LesionNancy J. Fischbein, MD504 Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Lesion(s)Nancy J. Fischbein, MD508 Cerebellar AtrophyAnne G. Osborn, MD, FACR and Chang Yueh Ho, MD512 Cerebellar Hemisphere MassChang Yueh Ho, MD518 Vermis MassChang Yueh Ho, MD522 Low Cerebellar TonsilsLuke L. Linscott, MD?GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS524 Cystic-Appearing Posterior Fossa LesionLuke L. Linscott, MDCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS530 Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, AdultTabassum A. Kennedy, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR534 Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, PediatricChang Yueh Ho, MDSELLA/JUXTASELLAR, PINEAL REGIONANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS540 Pineal Region Mass, GeneralChang Yueh Ho, MD and Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA544 Pineal Gland MassChang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD546 Quadrigeminal Cistern MassChang Yueh Ho, MD548 Pineal + Suprasellar LesionsKaren L. Salzman, MD550 Sella/Pituitary Normal VariantsKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD552 Sellar/Juxtasellar CalcificationBlair A. Winegar, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR556 Enlarged Pituitary GlandKaren L. Salzman, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR558 Intrasellar LesionBlair A. Winegar, MD, Karen L. Salzman, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR560 Cystic Intrasellar MassKaren L. Salzman, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR562 Suprasellar Mass, ChildChang Yueh Ho, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR568 Suprasellar Mass, AdultKaren L. Salzman, MD572 Suprasellar Cystic MassTabassum A. Kennedy, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD576 Calcified Suprasellar MassBlair A. Winegar, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD578 Enhancing Suprasellar MassKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD580 Sellar/Parasellar Mass With Skull Base InvasionBlair A. Winegar, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR584 Absent/Thin Infundibular StalkBernadette L. Koch, MD, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR586 Thick Infundibular StalkKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR588 Hypothalamus LesionKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACRMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS592 Hyperdense Suprasellar MassKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD594 T1-Hyperintense Suprasellar MassKaren L. Salzman, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACRARTERIESANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS596 Multifocal Arterial NarrowingHediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS and J. Scott McNally, MD, PhD600 Vessel Wall AbnormalitiesHediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS and J. Scott McNally, MD, PhD604 Fusiform Arterial EnlargementHediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS and Chang Yueh Ho, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS606 Hyperattenuating ("Dense") ArteryHediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS, Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC, and Karen L. Salzman, MDVEINS, VENOUS SINUSESANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS08 Dural Sinus Lesion, Generallair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD612 Enlarged Cortical VeinsBlair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD614 Prominent/Enlarged Deep (Medullary/Ependymal) VeinsKaren L. Salzman, MD and James D. Eastwood, MD618 Abnormally Enhancing Medullary VeinsHediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS620 Unilateral Cavernous Sinus MassSanthosh Gaddikeri, MD, Marinos Kontzialis, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR624 Bilateral Cavernous Sinus LesionsBlair A. Winegar, MD, Karen L. Salzman, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR628 Meckel Cave LesionKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS632 Hyperdense Dural SinusKalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD636 GRE/SWI Venous AbnormalitiesKalen Riley, MD, MBA and Miriam E. Peckham, MDCRANIAL NERVESCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS638 Hemifacial SpasmNicholas A. Koontz, MD642 Sensorineural Hearing Loss in AdultNicholas A. Koontz, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD646 Sensorineural Hearing Loss in ChildBernadette L. Koch, MD652 Bitemporal Heteronymous HemianopsiaBlair A. Winegar, MD and Kristine M. Mosier, DMD, PhD658 Homonymous HemianopsiaTabassum A. Kennedy, MD662 Oculomotor, Trochlear, or Abducens NeuropathyNicholas A. Koontz, MD668 Trigeminal NeuralgiaNicholas A. Koontz, MD672 Complex Cranial Nerve IX-XII NeuropathyNicholas A. Koontz, MD678 Horner SyndromeNicholas A. Koontz, MDSECTION 2: SPINETRANSSPATIALANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS686 Cervical, Chronic Posttraumatic AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD688 Cervical, Lower, Posttraumatic Bony AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD690 Thoracic Bony TraumaJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD692 Lumbar Bony TraumaJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS694 KyphosisJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD696 Kyphoscoliosis, ChildJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD698 Platyspondyly, DiffuseJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD700 Sacral Mass, AdultJeffrey S. Ross, MD704 Sacrococcygeal Mass, PediatricJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD708 Sacral DeformityJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD712 Multicompartmental MassJeffrey S. Ross, MDCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS718 Acute Back Pain/Radiculopathy, PostoperativeJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD724 Chronic Back Pain/Radiculopathy, PostoperativeJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD730 Acute Upper Extremity Pain/WeaknessJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD736 Lower Extremity PainJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD740 Back Pain, AdultJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD746 Back Pain, PediatricJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MDCRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTIONANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS750 Craniocervical Junction Acute InjuryJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD754 Craniovertebral Junction Abnormality, GeneralJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD758 Craniovertebral Junction Soft Tissue AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS762 C1-C2 InstabilityJeffrey S. Ross, MD766 Odontoid DeformityJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MDVERTEBRAL BODY, POSTERIOR ELEMENTSANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS768 Congenital Vertebral AnomaliesJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD770 Cervical Bony FusionJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS772 Flattened Vertebral Body, SolitaryJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD774 Flattened Vertebral Body, MultipleJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD776 Dysmorphic Vertebral BodyJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Kevin R. Moore, MD, and Julia R. Crim, MD778 Enlarged Vertebral Body/Posterior ElementJeffrey S. Ross, MD782 Enlarged Neural ForamenJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD784 Vertebral Body Scalloping/Widened CanalJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD786 SpondylolisthesisJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD790 Bony Lesion, AggressiveJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD794 Fracture, Vertebral BodyJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD798 Facet Abnormality, NontraumaticJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD800 Fracture, Posterior ElementJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD802 Pedicle AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS806 Enlarged Vertebral Body, Soap Bubble ExpansionJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD810 Vertebral Body Sclerosis, FocalJeffrey S. Ross, MD814 Vertebral Body Sclerosis, DiffuseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD816 Vertebral Body Thickened Bony TrabeculaeJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD818 Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, DiffuseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD820 Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, FocalJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD822 Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, DiffuseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD826 Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, FocalJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MDINTERVERTEBRAL DISC, ENDPLATEGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS828 Disc Contour AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD832 Intervertebral Disc/Endplate IrregularityJeffrey S. Ross, MD836 Vertebral Endplate Contour AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS840 Intervertebral Disc, T1 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD842 Intervertebral Disc, T2 HyperintenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD844 Vertebral Endplate Signal AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MDEXTRADURALANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS846 Epidural MassJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD852 Ventral/Lateral Paraspinal MassJeffrey S. Ross, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS854 Paraspinal Muscle AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD856 Extradural Lesions, MultipleJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD858 Extradural Lesion, No EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD860 Extradural Lesion, Solid EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD864 Epidural FluidJeffrey S. Ross, MD?MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS868 Soft Tissue Calcification, ParaspinalJeffrey S. Ross, MD870 Extradural, Normal Marrow SignalJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD874 Extradural, Abnormal Marrow SignalJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD878 Extradural Lesion, T1 HyperintenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD880 Extradural Lesion, T1 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD884 Extradural Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 IsointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD888 Extradural Lesion, T2 Hypointense, T1 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MDCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS890 Lumbar Soft Tissue Mass, PediatricJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MDINTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARYANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS894 Cauda Equina Enhancement, DiffuseJeffrey S. Ross, MD898 Subarachnoid Space NarrowingJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD900 Intradural Extramedullary, Leptomeningeal EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS904 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, No EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD908 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Solid EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD912 Intradural Lesion, SerpentineJeffrey S. Ross, MD914 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, MultipleJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS918 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD922 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 HyperintenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD924 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD928 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD930 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 IsointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MDCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS932 Cauda Equina SyndromeJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MDINTRAMEDULLARYANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS934 Intramedullary MassJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD938 Conus AbnormalityJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MDGENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS942 Intramedullary Lesions, MultipleJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD944 Intramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement=Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD948 Intramedullary Lesion, No EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD950 Intramedullary Lesion, Diffuse/Ill-Defined EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD954 Intramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral EnhancementJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MDMODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS956 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD958 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 HypointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD960 Intramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 IsointenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD964 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 HyperintenseJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD970 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, VentralJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD972 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, DorsalJeffrey S. Ross, MD976 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, CentralJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MDCLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS982 MyelopathyJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD