Introduction to Diseases, Diagnosis, and Management of Dogs and Cats

Dr. Tanmoy Rana is currently an Assistant Professor in Veterinary Medicine, Ethics, and Jurisprudence at the Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, West Bengal, India. He has published articles in international journals, authored book chapters for edited works, and has made contributions in the fields of biochemical and molecular pharmacology, toxicology, and veterinary medicine. He has been involved in multidisciplinary research and education to promote the scientific basis of veterinary science and molecular medicine. Dr. Rana is a Member of the West Bengal Veterinary Council, India; the Indian Society for Veterinary Medicine (ISVM); and the Indian Science Congress Association. He is an Associate Fellow of the West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology, India. He is also an Associate Editor and Editorial Board Member of various highly regarded international journals.

"...covers a vast array of topics pertaining to veterinary medicine, [including] anatomy and physiology;… nutritional approaches to disease management, anesthesia, pain management, and drug therapy;… [and] sample collection and diagnostic testing. The majority of the book deals with disease identification and management… to provide in-depth explanations of the disease processes occurring in dogs and cats and their management…. The book is comprehensive in its coverage; it touches on many topics and does so on a basic level…[with] many illustrations, tables, or charts accompanying chapter text.” --©Doody’s Review Service, 2024, Gene Pavlovsky, DVM, DABVP (Can/Fel Practice) (University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine)

• ContributorsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsSection AIntroduction of diseases1. General aspects of introduction to diseases, diagnosis, and management of dogs and catsRanbir Singh Jatav, Aditya Pratap, Nitin Vaishnav, and Neha Sharma1. Introduction2. Diagnosis and management of various diseases of dog and cat2.1 General systemic condition2.2 Diseases of cardiovascular system2.3 Diseases of digestive system2.4 Diseases of respiratory system2.5 Diseases of urinary system2.6 Diseases of nervous system2.7 Deficiency diseases2.8 Dermatological disorder2.9 Endocrine disorder in dogs and cats 2.10 Neonatal diseases 2.11 Bacterial diseases 2.12 Viral disease2.13 Fungal disease of dogs and cats 2.14 Parasitic diseases of canine and feline 2.15 Protozoal diseases of dogs and cats 2.16 Hereditary diseases in dogs and cats 2. Biological system of dogs and cats and its clinical managementAvnish Kumar Gautam, Manoj Kumar Sinha, Sanjay Kumar Bharti, and Anil Kumar1. Introduction 2. Musculoskeletal system of dog and cat 2.1 Skull 3. Digestive system 3.1 Salivary glands 3.2 Pharynx 3.3 Esophagus 3.4 Stomach 3.5 Small intestine3.6 Large intestine3.7 Liver3.8 Pancreas4. Respiratory system5. Male reproductive organs of dog and cat6. Female reproductive organs of bitch and queen 7. Mammary glands 8. Urinary system 9. Endocrine system 10. Sense organ 10.1 Ear 10.2 Clinical importance of surface anatomy 11. Common disorders of dog and its clinical management 12. Common endoparasitic infestation in dogs and cats 13. Common disorders of cat and its clinical management 14. Vaccination schedule: Dogs and puppies 15. Feline vaccination schedule References 3. Nutritional strategies of dogs and catsAmitava Roy, Abhishek Pathak, Alok Mishra, and Tanmoy Rana1. What is nutritionally balanced dog food? 1.1 Balanced dog food should meet your dog’s energy requirements 2. Protein in dog food 2.1 Sources of protein in dog food 2.2 What does crude protein mean? 2.3 How much protein does my dog need? 2.4 Can dogs be allergic to certain proteins?2.5 Taurine in cats3. Fat in dog food3.1 Sources of fat in dog and cat food4. Carbohydrates in dog food4.1 Fiber from carbohydrates4.2 Sources of carbohydrates4.3 How much carbohydrates require for dog?5. Vitamins in dog food5.1 Which vitamins do dogs need?5.2 Do dogs need vitamin supplements?6. Minerals in dog food6.1 Which minerals do dogs need?7. Water requirements for dogs8. Homemade balanced dog food?8.1 The right puppy food?9. Classification of pet food based on the nutrient content9.1 Complete food9.2 Complementary food9.3 Mixer biscuit9.4 Snack/treat10. Dog food recommendations for overweight dogs11. Nutritional strategy to prevent disease in healthy dogs and cats11.1 Feeding the healthy dog and cat11.2 How much to feed?11.3 How to feed?11.4 What to feed?References4. Clinical examination and diagnostic perspectives in dogs and catsManisha Mehra, Omprakash Singh, and Jaykumar Desai1. Introduction2. Noninvasive diagnostic tests3. Invasive pathology test3.1 Complete blood count (CBC)3.2 Blood biochemistry3.3 Blood parasites in dogs3.4 Urine analysis3.5 Dog and cat fecal examsReferences5. Maintenance of fluids, electrolytes, and acid–base therapy in dogs and catsAbhishek Pathak, Satya Pal Singh, Raktim Saikia, and Preeti Bisht1. Introduction2. Body Fluid compartments2.1 Total body water2.2 Extracellular fluid volume2.3 Intracellular fluid volume3. Regulation of electrolytes and body fluids3.1 Effective circulating volume or ECV3.2 Antidiuretic hormone3.3 Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis3.4 Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)4. Physiology of acid–base balance4.1 Metabolic acidosis4.2 Respiratory acidosis4.3 Metabolic alkalosis4.4 Respiratory alkalosis4.5 Mixed acid–base imbalances4.6 Anion gap5. Assessment of imbalances5.1 Dehydration (water depletion)5.2 Overhydration (water excess)5.3 Sodium5.4 Potassium5.5 Chloride6. Clinical features of fluid and electrolyte balance6.1 History 6.2 Clinical signs7. Clinical and pathological indicators of fluid and electrolyte imbalance7.1 Total plasma protein and packed cell volume7.2 Hyponatremia7.3 Hypernatremia7.4 Serum potassium7.5 Serum chloride7.6 Osmolality8. Purpose of fluid therapy9. Type of fluids10. Routes of administration11. Monitoring fluid therapy12. Contraindications for fluid therapy13. Discontinuation of fluid therapy14. ConclusionReferences6. Collection, preservation processing, and dispatch of samples for disease diagnosis in dogs and catsP. Gumasta, R.C. Ghosh, P.M. Sonkusale, and P. Kumar1. Introduction2. Collection and preservation of specimen for histopathology examination 3. Collection and preservation of specimen for bacteriological examination 4. Collection and preservation of specimen for virological examination 5. Collection and preservation of specimen for toxicological examination 6. Collection procedure of different biological material/specimen 7. Processing and dispatch of material 8. Essential pathological tests for diagnosis of disease in dogs and cats 8.1 Hematology 8.2 Postmortem examination 8.3 Serology 8.4 Molecular diagnosis 8.5 PCR 8.6 Reverse transcriptase RT-PCR 8.7 Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR, or qPCR) 8.8 Cytopathology 8.9 Histopathology7. Necropsy procedure and basic laboratory methods in dogs and catsSanjiv Kumar1. Necropsy procedure 1.1 Postmortem procedure 2. Basic laboratory diagnostic procedures 2.1 Blood examination 2.2 Differential leucocyte count (DLC) 2.3 Interpretation of DLC 3. Urine analysis 3.1 Collection of urine 3.2 Physical examination of urine 3.3 Chemical examination of urine 3.4 Microscopic examination of urine 3.5 Cultural examination of urine 4. Diagnostic cytology 4.1 Collection of specimens 4.2 Fixation of the specimen 4.3 Papanicolaou staining 4.4 Interventional cytopathology 5. Diagnostic histopathology 5.1 Cryo-sectioning/frozen sectioning5.2 Paraffin embedding technique5.3 Hematoxylin and eosin staining6. Parasitological examination6.1 Examination of mites6.2 Examination of specimens6.3 Examination of fecal sample7. Clinical biochemistry7.1 Hyperbilirubinemia8. Bacteriological examination8.1 Isolation of pure culture by streak plate method8.2 Gram staining of bacteria8.3 Antibiotic sensitivity test by disc method9. Fungal examination9.1 Sample collection9.2 Lactophenol cotton blue staining of fungi in wet mountsSection BClinical diseases of dogs and cats8. Behavioral disorders of dogs and catsAbrar Ul Haq1. Introduction2. Noise-related anxiety3. Aggression4. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)5. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)6. Separation anxiety disorder (SAD)7. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)8. Behavior problems and pain9. Issues with vomeronasal organ and behavior10. Heart diseases and behavioral issues11. Some adverse outcomes of drugs prescribed for behavioral disordersReferences9. Respiratory diseases of dogs and catsAbhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh1. Introduction 1152. Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system in dogs and cats2.1 The structure and function of the upper respiratory tract (nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx)2.2 The structure and function of the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli)2.3 The role of the respiratory system in gas exchange and regulation of blood pH3. Pathogenic agents that cause respiratory diseases in dogs and cats3.1 Overview of common pathogens causing respiratory diseases3.2 Modes of transmission for respiratory pathogens4. Host defense mechanisms in respiratory diseases in dogs and cats4.1 Mucociliary clearance4.2 Immune response4.3 Inflammatory response4.4 Antimicrobial peptides5. Common respiratory diseases in dogs5.1 Canine infectious respiratory disease complex5.2 Canine influenza5.3 Canine distemper5.4 Canine parainfluenza virus6. Common respiratory diseases in cats6.1 Feline upper respiratory infection6.2 Feline asthma6.3 Feline calicivirus6.4 Feline herpesvirus-17. Recent advancement in the respiratory disease diagnosis7.1 Immunological and pathological aspects7.2 Biological and chemical analysis7.3 Genetic and cellular aspects7.4 Physiological aspects7.5 Clinical aspects7.6 Environmental and behavioral aspects7.7 One health aspects7.8 Economic and societal aspects8. Conclusion and future directionsReferences10. Urinary system diseases of dogs and catsRamesh Putchakayala and Haritha G S1. Introduction2. Urinary tract infections in dogs and cats2.1 Bacterial urinary tract infection2.2 Fungal urinary tract infection2.3 Viral urinary tract infection3. Clinical signs4. Diagnosis5. Treatment6. Urolithiasis6.1 Clinical signs and diagnosis6.2 Treatment and management of uroliths7. Urinary tract tumors8. Chronic kidney disease8.1 Clinical signs8.2 Diagnosis8.3 Management of CKD8.4 Prognosis of CKD9. Acute kidney injuryReferences11. Diseases of the reproductive system of male dogs and catsAshok Kumar Chaudhary, Govind Narayan Purohit, Sunita Choudhary, and Hemlata1. Diseases of testes and epididymis1.1 Cryptorchidism 1.2 Orchitis/epididymitis1.3 Brucellosis1.4 Testicular neoplasm1.5 Testicular torsion/spermatic cord torsion2. Diseases of the prostate2.1 Benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia2.2 Prostatitis2.3 Prostatic cysts2.4 Prostatic neoplasia3. Diseases of penis and prepuce3.1 Balanoposthitis3.2 Phimosis and paraphimosis3.3 Priapism3.4 Penile neoplasiaReferences12. Autoimmune diseases of dogs and catsAhmed Abd El-Fattah Daha1. Induction of autoimmunity2. Normal immune responses2.1 Antigens hidden in cells or tissues (cryptic antigens)2.2 Antigens generated by molecular changes2.3 Receptor editing3. Abnormal immune responses3.1 Failure of regulatory control3.2 Infection-induced autoimmunity3.3 Microchimerism4. Predisposing factors4.1 Genetic predisposition4.2 Breed predispositions4.3 Intestinal microbiota5. Mechanisms of tissue damage in autoimmunity5.1 Type I hypersensitivity5.2 Type II hypersensitivity5.3 Type III hypersensitivity5.4 Type IV hypersensitivity6. Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease in dogs and cats6.1 Dog autoimmune disease6.2 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)6.3 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)6.4 Autoimmune skin disease6.5 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)6.6 Autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP)6.7 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)6.8 Addison’s disease6.9 Lymphocytic thyroiditis6.10 Myasthenia gravis6.11 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome6.12 Polymyositis6.13 Autoimmune masticatory myopathy6.14 Cat autoimmune disease6.15 Granulomatous diseases of infectious etiology6.16 Gammopathies (dysproteinemias or paraproteinemias)6.17 Polyclonal gammopathy6.18 Monoclonal gammopathy6.19 Organ-specific autoimmune diseases7. Hormonal influence on autoimmunity8. Primary vs secondary autoimmune disease8.1 Drugs and vaccines as triggers for autoimmunity8.2 Environmental triggers of autoimmunity8.3 Infectious triggers of autoimmunity8.4 Inflammatory response might lead to damage9. Immunodiagnostic tests for autoimmunity10. Immunodiagnostic tests for autoimmunity10.1 Antinuclear antibody testReferences13. Diseases of cardiovascular system of dogs and catsS. Yogeshpriya1. Introduction2. Congenital heart diseases2.1 Subaortic stenosis2.2 Pulmonic stenosis (PS)2.3 Dysplasia of the atrioventricular valves (DAV)2.4 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)2.5 Ventricular septal defects (VSD)2.6 Tetralogy of fallot (TF)2.7 Eisenmerger’s syndrome (ES)2.8 Atrial septal defects (ASD)2.9 Atrioventricular canal defects (AVC)3. Acquired heart diseases3.1 Diagnosis3.2 Thoracic radiography3.3 Electrocardiography3.4 Cardiac catheterization3.5 Echocardiography3.6 Doppler echocardiography (DE)3.7 Cardiac biomarker3.8 Treatment3.9 Common drugs used References14. Diseases of reproductive system of female dogs and catsAshok Kumar Chaudhary, Govind Narayan Purohit, Amit Kumar, and Sandeep Dholpuria1. Diseases of ovary 1.1 Ovarian cyst 1.2 Ovarian remnant syndrome 1.3 Ovarian neoplasia 2. Diseases of uterus 2.1 Cystic endometrial hyperplasia pyometra complex 2.2 Metritis2.3 Subinvolution of placental sites2.4 Uterine neoplasia3. Diseases of vagina3.1 Vaginal fold prolapse3.2 Vaginal neoplasia4. Other diseases4.1 Canine pseudopregnancyReferences15. Diseases of endocrine system in dogs and catsAmbica Gadige, Aruna Maramulla, Mohanambal Kaliyan, Anil Kumar Banothu, and Satish Kumar Karlapudi1. Introduction2. Hypothyroidism2.1 Anatomy and pathophysiology2.2 Clinical signs2.3 Diagnosis2.4 Treatment3. Hyperthyroidism3.1 Clinical signs3.2 Diagnosis3.3 Treatment4. Diabetes mellitus4.1 Factors and pathophysiology4.2 Clinical signs4.3 Diagnosis4.4 Treatment5. Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) (or) Cushing’s syndrome5.1 Factors and pathophysiology5.2 Clinical signs5.3 Diagnosis5.4 Treatment6. Hypoadrenocorticism (or) Addison’s disease6.1 Clinical signs6.2 Therapy7. Primary hypoparathyroidism8. Primary hyperparathyroidism9. Secondary hyperparathyroidism10. Hyperaldosteronism in cats11. Sex-hormone dermatoses12. Hyperestrogenism13. Hyperandrogenism14. Immune-mediated endocrine deficiency syndromesReferences16. Diseases of the nervous system of dogs and catsG.K. Chetan Kumar, A. Ashwini, C Sunita, and R.S. Sagar1. Introduction2. Cells of the nervous system2.1 Neurons2.2 Neuroglial cells or supporting cells3. Cranial nerves4. Diagnosis of neurological problems in dogs and cats4.1 History and signalment4.2 Physical examination4.3 Neurological examination4.4 Test on blood and serum4.5 Cerebrospinal fluid analysis4.6 Electroencephalography (EEG)4.7 Electromyography (EMG)4.8 Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER)4.9 Spinal cord evoked response4.10 Routine radiography4.11 Myelography4.12 Computed tomography (CT)4.13 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)4.14 Surgical biopsy5. Common affections of the nervous system in small animals5.1 Epilepsy5.2 Paralysis5.3 Meningitis/encephalitis/meningoencephalitis5.4 EncephalomalaciaReferences17. Diseases of integument system of dogs and catsMahmuda Malik, Chandra Prakash Dixit, Jove Jacob, and Sushanta Goswami18. Gastrointestinal disorders of dogs and catsJustin Davis Kollannur, A. Javed Jameel, and Sunitha Choudhary1. Esophageal disorders 1.1 Megaesophagus 1.2 Esophagitis1.3 Esophageal strictures1.4 Esophageal foreign bodies1.5 Esophageal tumors1.6 Gastroesophageal intussusception1.7 Vascular ring anomalies1.8 Dysautonomia2. Gastric disorders2.1 Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV)2.2 Gastritis2.3 Gastric/peptic ulceration3. Diseases of small intestine3.1 Protein-losing enteropathy3.2 Intestinal obstruction3.3 Intussusception3.4 Dysmotility 4. Disorders of large intestine4.1 Colitis4.2 Acute colitis4.3 Chronic enteropathy4.4 Constipation, obstipation, and megacolonReferences 19. Occular manifestation of infectious and noninfestious disease of dogs and catsBurhan Nabi, Jehanzeb Yousuf, S.R. Upadhyay, and Rajiv Singh1. Introduction2. Systemic diseases with ocular manifestation2.1 Canine distemper2.2 Infectious canine hepatitis3. Feline herpesvirus4. Ocular problems in canines and felines due to endocrine disease4.1 Diabetes mellitus4.2 Hyperadenocorticism (Cushing’s disease)4.3 Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease)4.4 Growth hormone disorders4.5 Hypothyroidism4.6 Hyperthyroidism4.7 Calcium disordersReferences20. Diseases of ear in dogs and catsAmbica Gadige, Srujan Racharla, Lokesh Lella, and Anil Kumar Banothu1. Introduction2. Anatomy of ear of dogs and cats2.1 Anatomy of external ear 2.2 Anatomy of middle ear2.3 Anatomy of internal ear3. Diseases of external ear3.1 Diseases of external ear3.2 Aural hematoma4. Disease of middle ear (or) otitis media4.1 Risk factors4.2 Clinical signs4.3 Diagnosis4.4 Treatment5. Disease of inner ear (or) otitis interna6. Deafness6.1 Causes of deafness6.2 Diagnosis6.3 Therapy7 Aural neoplasiaReferences21. Overview on diseases of blood and hematopoietic system in dogs and catsK. Karthika and S. Poobitha1. Hematopoietic system in animals2. Red blood cells in animals 2.1 Absolute erythrocytosis2.2 Anemia in dogs and cats3. White blood cells in animals 3.1 Decreased hematopoietic marrow cell production3.2 Five distinct stages in the process of phagocytosis have been identified4. Lymphocytes in animals5. Platelets in animals5.1 Thrombocytopathies5.2 Bleeding disorders in dogs and cats5.3 Primary hemostasis5.4 Secondary hemostasis5.5 Diseases of primary hemostasis5.6 Disorders of coagulation6. Neoplasia of the myeloid system 6.1 Lymphoid system neoplasia6.2 Anatomic pattern6.3 Leukemic form (lymphocytic leukemia)6.4 Other miscellaneous forms of malignant lymphoma6.5 Histologic classificationReferences 31922. Diseases and disorders of the musculoskeletal system in dogs and catsK. Karthika and P.K. Ramkumar1. Myopathies2. Myositis2.2 Causes2.3 Tendinitis3. Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders4. Bone disorders in dogs4.1 Hypertrophic osteodystrophy4.2 Pediatric bone diseases (panosteitis)4.3 Avascular necrosis of the femoral head4.4 Multiple cartilaginous exostosis4.5 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis5. Joint disorders in dogs5.1 Clinical signs of musculoskeletal disorders5.2 Lameness examination6. Congenital musculoskeletal disorder7. Immune-mediated arthritis7.1 Myopathies8. Canine diskospondylitis9. Therapy for musculoskeletal system disorder9.1 Applications in the musculoskeletal system10. Musculoskeletal disorders of cats10.1 Inherited and developmental disorders10.2 Bone disorders in cats10.3 Joint disorders in cats10.4 Muscle disorders in cat11. Diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders in dogs and cats11.1 Diagnostic approach11.2 Therapeutic management11.3 Ultrasonic beam therapyReferences23. Geriatric diseases of dogs and catsAbhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh1. Introduction2. Neural basis of cognitive decline in domestic dogs and cats during aging2.1 Brain structure and function in aging3. Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in aging3.1 Inflammatory pathways: Linking chronic inflammation to age-related diseases3.2 Oxidative stress4. Skin and coat changes4.1 Understanding and managing skin problems in geriatric dogs and cats5. Changes in body weight and condition6. Musculoskeletal changes6.1 Sarcopenia6.2 Osteoarthritis6.3 Osteophytosis7. Metabolic dysregulations: The interplay of aging and chronic diseases7.1 Diabetes mellitus7.2 Obesity7.3 Fatty liver disease8. Oral and gingival diseases9. The role of the gut microbiome10. Respiratory tract changes11. Understanding the pathobiology of cardiac senescence: Heart diseases 11.1 Dilated cardiomyopathy11.2 Valvular heart disease (VHD)11.3 Atrial fibrillation11.4 Arrhythmias11.5 Treatments for geriatric cardiovascular health12. Aging-associated nephropathy: Exploring renal function dynamics and pathophysiology12.1 Renal structure and function12.2 Hormonal changes12.3 Toxin and oxidative stress12.4 Urologic changes13. Changes to the endocrine system14. Age-related hearing and vision loss14.1 Pathophysiology of geriatric audiovisual impairment14.2 Diagnostic approaches for geriatric audio-visual impairment14.3 Treatment and management of geriatric audio-visual impairment14.4 Prevention of geriatric audio-visual impairment15. Fueling the aging process: The latest research on nutrition and geriatric disease prevention15.1 Innovative orthopedic therapeutic approaches for geriatric arthritis management15.2 Advances in geriatric nutritional therapies: Integrating genomics and emerging interventions15.3 Early detection and multimodal oncologic treatment15.4 Pathophysiology and evidence-based treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders15.5 Mitigating age-associated cognitive decline: Neuroprotective interventions15.6 Benefits of therapeutic massage and acupuncture15.7 The role of mental stimulation and exercise for geriatric pets16. ConclusionsReferences24. Neoplasms in dog and catDevendra Kumar Gupta, Randhir Singh, Nidhi Gupta, and Kshemankar Shrman1. Benign neoplasms2. Malignant neoplasms3. Hemopoietic system neoplasm4. Etiology5. Signs and symptoms of neoplasm 6. Diagnosis7. Clinical staging7.1 TNM system7.2 Overall staging8. Therapeutic approaches9. Management of toxicities10. Common neoplasms in dogs and cats10.1 Lymphoma11. Anatomical classification11.1 Multicentric lymphoma11.2 Mediastinal lymphoma11.3 Gastrointestinal lymphoma11.4 Hepatic lymphoma11.5 Cutaneous lymphoma11.6 Ocular lymphoma11.7 Nervous system lymphoma11.8 Pulmonary lymphoma11.9 Atypical forms of canine lymphoma11.10 Evaluating dogs with lymphoma: Staging11.11 Therapy11.12 Chemotherapy11.13 Glucocorticoid11.14 Single-agent therapy11.15 Multiagent therapy11.16 Rescue protocols11.17 Lymphoma in cats12. Mammary tumor13. Hemangiosarcoma14. Mast cell tumors15. Sarcoma16. Squamous cell carcinomas17. Mouth and nose cancer18. Papilloma19. Canine transmissible venereal tumorsReferences25. Diseases of hepatobiliary system of dogs and catsM. Saravanan and P.K. Ramkumar1. Introduction2. Clinical anatomy and physiology of hepatobiliary system3. Pathophysiology hepatobiliary disorders3.1 Portal hypertension3.2 Refractory ascites3.3 Stages of liver diseases4. Diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders4.1 Signalment4.2 Food4.3 Drugs/medication4.4 Previous diseases illness4.5 Clinical signs4.6 Laboratory examination5. Treatment and management5.1 Treatment for ascites5.2 Management of hepatic encephalopathy5.3 Drug induced toxicity5.4 Other medications5.5 Nutritional management6. ConclusionAcknowledgmentReferences26. Common toxicological phenomenon in dogs and catsRashmi Rajashekaraiah and U. Sunilchandra1. Acetaminophen2. Acetone3. Amitraz4. Anticoagulant rodenticide5. Arsenic6. Bleaching powder7. Detergents, soaps, and shampoos8. Ethanol9. Grapes and Raisins10. Homemade and commercial play dough11. Honey bees, wasps, and hornets12. Iron13. Lead14. Metaldehyde15. Methylxanthines: Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline16. Mothballs 17. Mushroom poisoning18. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides19. Paintballs20. Plant poisoning21. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids22. Silica gel containing desiccant packs23. Snake poisoning24. Toad poisoning25. Xylitol26. Zinc phosphide27. PreventionReferences27. Anesthesia and pain management in dogs and catsFalguni Mridha1. Preanesthetic preparation1.1 Preparation of the animals on the day before experiment1.2 Preparation of the animals prior to experiment2. Vein cannulation2.1 Endotracheal intubation during anesthesia2.2 Monitoring3. Postanesthetic care4. General anesthesia4.1 Preanesthetic agents5. Parenteral anesthetic agents5.1 Barbiturates5.2 Nonbarbiturate agents5.3 Inhalational anesthesia5.4 Local and regional anesthesia6. Pain management in dogs and cats7. Management of pain7.1 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs7.2 Others8. Pain management by some alternative solutions8.1 Physical rehabilitation8.2 Thermal therapy8.3 Laser therapy8.4 Extracorporeal shockwave therapy8.5 Therapeutic ultrasound8.6 Electrotherapy8.7 Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy8.8 Acupuncture8.9 Therapeutic exercise8.10 Hydrotherapy8.11 MassageReferences28. Drugs in therapeutic application of dogs and catsMuhammad Tahir Aleem, Furqan Munir, and Amna Shakoor1. Introduction2. Therapeutic applications of drugs2.1 Challenges and benefits of different routes of drug administration3. Drugs used for the treatment of diseases in dogs and cats3.1 Use of antibiotics3.2 Antiviral treatment3.3 Antiparasitic drugs3.4 Antifungal drugs3.5 Immunosuppressive drug therapies for dogs and cats3.6 Supportive drugs used in dogs and cats4. ConclusionAcknowledgmentsReferences29. Nutritional and metabolic diseases of dogs and catsAbhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh1. Overview of nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats1.1 Epidemiology and prevalence1.2 Common nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats1.3 Diabetes mellitus1.4 Kidney disease 1.5 Inflammatory bowel disease1.6 Pancreatitis 1.7 Liver disease1.8 Hyperthyroidism1.9 Hypothyroidism1.10 Dental disease2. Factors influencing nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats2.1 The impact of breed-specific characteristics on the risk and severity of nutritional and metabolic diseases2.2 The effects of aging on the development and progression of nutritional and metabolic diseases 2.3 The influence of gender and sex hormones on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases2.4 The impact of social and environmental factors on the risk and severity of nutritional and metabolic diseases2.5 The impact of climate change on the prevalence and distribution of nutritional and metabolic diseases 3. Mechanisms of nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats3.1 The impact of gut microbiota on the development of metabolic diseases3.2 The role of gut hormones on the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases3.3 The influence of bile acid metabolism and the farnesoid X receptor on nutrient absorption and the development of metabolic diseases3.4 The role of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in the development and progression of metabolic diseases3.5 The effects of oxidative stress and antioxidants on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases3.6 The impact of endogenous and exogenous stressors on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases3.7 The role of glucocorticoid signaling and stress response pathways in the development of metabolic diseases3.8 The impact of the kynurenine pathway and tryptophan metabolism on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases3.9 The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the regulation of immune function and the development of metabolic diseases3.10 The influence of histone modifications and DNA methylation on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases3.11 The effects of nutrient-sensing pathways and transcriptional regulators on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases3.12 The influence of transcriptional coregulators and chromatin remodeling complexes on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases3.13 The impact of lipoprotein metabolism and apolipoprotein expression on nutrient absorption and the development of metabolic diseases3.14 The effects of alternative splicing and mRNA stability on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases3.15 The impact of mitochondrial DNA damage and mutation on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases3.16 The influence of the unfolded protein response and ER-associated degradation on protein quality control and the development of metabolic diseases3.17 The impact of mitochondrial oxidative stress and the electron transport chain on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases3.18 The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and xenobiotic metabolism in the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases 3.19 The role of noncoding RNAs in the regulation of gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases3.20 The influence of circadian rhythms on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases3.21 The role of autophagy in the regulation of cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases3.22 The impact of the gut-brain axis on the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases3.23 The impact of gut dysbiosis on nutrient metabolism3.24 The effects of exercise and physical activity on nutrient metabolism and the prevention of metabolic diseases in dogs and cats4. Conclusion and future directionsReferencesSection CInfectious diseases of dogs and cats30. General introduction of infectious diseases in dogs and catsAbhishek Kalundia1. Introduction2. Modes of transmission of infectious diseases3. Factors affecting the susceptibility and severity of an infectious disease4. Infectious agents in dogs and cats4.1 Bacteria4.2 Rickettsiae4.3 Mycoplasma4.4 Virus4.5 Fungi4.6 Parasites5. Clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases6. Treatment of infectious diseases7. Prevention and controlAcknowledgmentsReferences31. Clinical signs and symptoms of infectious diseases in dogs and catsAbhishek Kalundia1. Introduction2. General clinical findings of infectious diseases in dogs and cats2.1 Acute collapse2.2 Abdominal enlargement2.3 Anorexia2.4 Behavioral changes2.5 Lethargy and weakness2.6 Hyperthermia and pyrexia2.7 Epistaxis, sneezing, and nasal discharge2.8 Oral and dental problems2.9 Ear problems2.10 Lumps and bumps2.11 Lesions of the paw2.12 Problems related to the anus, perineum, and tail3. System-wise clinical findings of infectious diseases in dogs and cats3.1 The cardiovascular system3.2 The gastrointestinal system3.3 The eye3.4 The hematopoietic and lymphoreticular system3.5 The integumentary system3.6 The hepatobiliary system pancreas and spleen3.7 The musculoskeletal system3.8 The nervous system3.9 The peritoneal cavity3.10 The reproductive system3.11 The respiratory system3.12 The urinary systemAcknowledgmentsReferences32. Parasitic diseases of dogs and catsMuhammad Tahir Aleem, Furqan Munir, and Amna Shakoor1. Introduction2. Zoonotic and economic importance of parasitic diseases3. Role of ectoparasites in the transmission of infections4. Protozoal diseases of dogs and cats4.1 Toxoplasmosis4.2 Giardiasis 4.3 Babesiosis4.4 Hepatozoonosis4.5 Neosporosis5. Internal parasitic diseases of dogs and cats5.1 Dirofilariasis (heartworm disease)5.2 Leishmaniasis5.3 Toxocariasis5.4 Ancylostomiasis6. Ectoparasites infesting dogs and cats6.1 Scabies7. Control of parasitic diseases in dogs and cats8. ConclusionAcknowledgmentsReferences33. Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, and Chlamydia diseases of dogs and catsNourhan Eissa1. Introduction1.1 Mycoplasma infections in dogs and cats1.2 Rickettsial infections in dogs and cats1.3 Chlamydial infections in dogs and cats2. ConclusionReferences34. Bacterial diseases of dogs and catsAbbas Rabiu Ishaq1. Introduction2. Salmonellosis2.1 Cause2.2 Hosts2.3 Spread2.4 Clinical signs2.5 Pathology2.6 Diagnosis2.7 Treatment2.8 Prevention3. Colibacillosis3.1 Cause3.2 Hosts3.3 Spread3.4 Pathogenesis3.5 Clinical signs3.6 Pathology3.7 Diagnosis3.8 Differential diagnosis3.9 Treatment3.10 Prevention4. Klebsiellosis4.1 Cause4.2 Hosts4.3 Spread4.4 Clinical signs4.5 Pathology4.6 Diagnosis4.7 Treatment5. Yersiniosis5.1 Cause 5.2 Hosts5.3 Spread5.4 Pathogenesis 5.5 Clinical signs5.6 Pathological findings 5.7 Diagnosis5.8 Treatment5.9 Differential diagnoses5.10 Prevention6. Bartonellosis6.1 Cause6.2 Hosts6.3 Spread6.4 Pathogenesis6.5 Clinical signs6.6 Pathology6.7 Diagnosis6.8 Treatment6.9 Prevention7. Tularaemia7.1 Cause7.2 Hosts7.3 Spread 7.4 Pathogenesis 7.5 Clinical signs 7.6 Pathology7.7 Diagnosis7.8 Treatment7.9 Prevention8. Campylobacteriosis8.1 Cause8.2 Hosts8.3 Spread 8.4 Pathogenesis8.5 Clinical signs8.6 Pathology8.7 Diagnosis8.8 Treatment9. Listeriosis9.1 Cause9.2 Hosts9.3 Spread9.4 Pathogenesis9.5 Clinical signs9.6 Pathology9.7 Diagnosis 9.8 Treatment 9.9 Prevention 10. Nocardiosis10.1 Cause10.2 Hosts 10.3 Spread10.4 Pathogenesis 10.5 Clinical signs10.6 Pathology10.7 Differential diagnosis 10.8 Diagnosis10.9 Treatment11. Staphylococcal infections11.1 Cause11.2 Hosts11.3 Spread11.4 Pathogenesis 11.5 Clinical signs11.6 Pathology11.7 Diagnosis11.8 Treatment11.9 Prevention12. Streptococcal infections12.1 Cause12.2 Hosts12.3 Spread12.4 Pathogenesis12.5 Clinical signs12.6 Pathology12.7 Diagnosis12.8 Treatment12.9 Prevention13. Tetanus13.1 Cause13.2 Hosts13.3 Spread13.4 Pathogenesis13.5 Clinical signs13.6 Differentials13.7 Diagnosis13.8 Prevention13.9 Treatment14. Pasteurellosis14.1 Cause14.2 Hosts14.3 Spread14.4 Clinical signs14.5 Diagnosis14.6 Treatment14.7 Prevention15. Clostridium perfringens infection15.1 Cause15.2 Hosts15.3 Spread15.4 Clinical signs15.5 Diagnosis15.6 Treatment16. Clostridium difficile infection16.1 Cause16.2 Hosts16.3 Spread16.4 Pathogenesis16.5 Clinical signs16.6 Diagnosis16.7 Treatment17. Brucellosis17.1 Cause17.2 Spread17.3 Hosts17.4 Pathogenesis17.5 Pathology17.6 Clinical signs17.7 Diagnosis17.8 Treatment17.9 Prevention and control18. Helicobacter infections18.1 Cause18.2 Hosts18.3 Spread18.4 Pathogenesis18.5 Clinical signs18.6 Pathology18.7 Diagnosis18.8 Treatment19. Pseudomoniasis19.1 Cause19.2 Hosts19.3 Spread19.4 Pathogenesis19.5 Clinical signs19.6 Diagnosis19.7 TreatmentAcknowledgmentsReferences35. Fungal diseases of dogs and catsNourhan Eissa1. Introduction2. Mechanisms of immunosuppression in dogs and cats3. Opportunistic fungal infections3.1 Phaeohyphomycosis3.2 Hyalohyphomycosis3.3 Eumycotic mycetoma3.4 Microsporum canis3.5 Sporothrix brasiliensis3.6 Aspergillosis3.7 Mucormycosis3.8 Candidiasis3.9 Blastomycosis3.10 Histoplasmosis3.11 Coccidiomycosis3.12 Cryptococcosis3.13 Paracoccidioidomycosis4. Mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses5. Diagnosis and treatment of mycotic infections in dogs and cats6. ConclusionReferences36. Common viral diseases of dogs and catsMohammad Bashir Aliyu1. Viral diseases of dogs1.1 Canine adenovirus1.2 Influenza virus—H3N8, H3N21.3 Canine parainfluenza virus1.4 Canine reovirus1.5 Coronavirus1.6 Rotavirus infection1.7 Astrovirus infection1.8 Calicivirus infection1.9 Canine parvovirus infection1.10 Canine bocaparvovirus1.11 Louping illness1.12 Pseudorabies1.13 Rabies1.14 Canine distemper2. Viral diseases of cats2.1 Feline herpes virus2.2 Feline calicivirus2.3 Feline leukemia virus2.4 Feline distemper/feline panleukemia2.5 Feline coronavirus2.6 Feline immunodeficiency virusReferences37. Zoonotic diseases of dogs and catsShivangi Udainiya, Amita Tiwari, Apoorva Mishra, and Amita Dubey1. Viral diseases1.1 Rabies1.2 Noroviruses2. Fungal diseases2.1 Dermatophytosis3. Parasitic diseases3.1 Toxoplasmosis3.2 Leishmaniosis3.3 Giardiasis3.4 Echinococcosis3.5 Sarcoptes scabiei3.6 Cheyletiella blakei3.7 Cutaneous larva migrans3.8 Visceral larva migrans3.9 Ocular larva migrans4. Bacterial diseases4.1 Brucellosis4.2 Leptospirosis4.3 Bordetella bronchiseptica4.4 Campylobacteriosis4.5 Capnocytophaga infection4.6 Coxiella burnetii infection4.7 Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus4.8 Salmonella4.9 Staphylococcus intermedius4.10 Yersinia enterocolitica4.11 Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae)4.12 Plague (Yersinia pestis)References38. Drug resistance of infectious diseases of dogs and catsAmna Shakoor, Furqan Munir, and Muhammad Tahir Aleem1. Introduction2. Emerging drug resistance leads to global threat and its economic importance3. Accelerating factors responsible for drug resistance of infectious diseases of companion animals3.1 Role of mutation3.2 Antigenic shift and antigenic drift3.3 Misuse of antimicrobial drugs3.4 Emergence of new pathogenic variants4. Antimicrobial drug resistance in dogs and cats4.1 Antibacterial drug resistance4.2 Antifungal drug resistance4.3 Vaccinal resistance5. Emergence and spread of resistance in the drugs used against parasitic infections of dogs and cats5.1 Antiprotozoal drug resistance5.2 Anthelminthic drug resistance6. Possible ways to conserve drug efficacy and prevent drug resistance7. Future perspective8. ConclusionAcknowledgmentsReferences39. Diagnostic techniques of infectious diseases of dogs and catsAmita Dubey, Maneesh Jatav, Amita Tiwari, and Yamini Verma1. Clinical pathological techniques2. Microbiological techniques3. Necropsy and histopathological technique4. Diagnostic interpretation of common diseases in dogs and cats4.1 Bacterial diseases4.2 Viral diseases4.3 Fungal diseases4.4 Other diseases4.5 Canine anaplasmosis infection4.6 Dogs4.7 Cats40. One Health approach of infectious diseases of dogs and catsShivangi Udainiya, Amita Tiwari, Apoorva Mishra, and Amita Dubey1. Introduction2. Bordetella bronchiseptica3. Brucella4. Campylobacter5. Capnocytophaga6. Coxiella burnetii7. Rabies8. Noroviruses9. Leptospira10. Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus11. Pasteurella12. Salmonella13. Staphylococcus intermedius14. Yersinia enterocolitica15. Zoonotic diseases of cats16. Campylobacteriosis17. Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae)18. Cat tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum)19. Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium spp.)20. Giardiasis (Giardia duodenalis)21. Hookworm (Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma braziliense, Uncinaria stenocephala)22. MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)23. Plague (Yersinia pestis)24. Rabies25. Ringworm26. Roundworms (Toxocara spp.)27. Salmonellosis (Salmonella spp.)28. Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix spp.)29. Tick-borne diseases30. Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)31. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)32. Prevention33. ConclusionReferences41. Prevention and control of infectious diseasesRanjini Manuel1. Introduction2. Domesticated populations2.1 Canine population2.2 Feline population3. Factors influencing infectious diseases progression and its prevention3.1 Hosts3.2 Pathogen3.3 Transmission3.4 Methods of transmission3.5 Environment3.6 Maintenance of disease3.7 The classical triad: Agent-hostenvironment relationship 3.8 Immunoprohylaxis4. Disease control and prevention strategies4.1 Doing nothing4.2 Quarantine4.3 Euthanasia4.4 Vaccination4.5 Therapeutic chemotherapy5. ConclusionReferencesIndex