Elizabeth Allegretto earned a PhD in Biochemistry from the University of Arizona where she did her thesis research on structure function relationships of the vitamin D receptor. She then did post-doctoral work at the University of California San Diego in the Department of Pharmacology working on transcriptional regulation by the jun oncogene. She worked in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries for 12 years in drug discovery research programs targeting nuclear hormone receptors for unmet needs in oncology, women’s health, and inflammation, and then embarked on a second career in veterinary medicine, earning a DVM from Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine (TCSVM). She has worked in small animal private practice and has also taught organic chemistry, biochemistry and biotechnology courses in NJ and biochemistry at TCSVM.

• Section I: Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism1. Chemical Composition of Living Cells2. Properties of Amino Acids3. Amino Acid Modifications4. Protein Structure5. Properties of Enzymes6. Enzyme Kinetics7. Protein Digestion8. Amino Acid Catabolism9. Transamination and Deamination Reactions10. Urea Cycle (Krebs-Henseleit Ornithine Cycle)11. Glutamine and Ammonia12. Nonprotein Derivatives of Amino AcidsSection II: Nucleotide and Nucleic Acid Metabolism13. Nucleotides14. Pyrimidine Biosynthesis15. Purine Biosynthesis16. Folic Acid17. Nucleic Acid and Nucleotide TurnoverSection III: Carbohydrate and Heme Metabolism18. Carbohydrate Structure19. Polysaccharides and Carbohydrate Derivatives20. Glycoproteins and Glycolipids21. Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism22. Glucose Trapping23. Glycogen24. Introduction to Glycolysis (The Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway (EMP))25. Initial Reactions in Anaerobic Glycolysis26. Intermediate Reactions in Anaerobic Glycolysis27. Metabolic Fates of Pyruvate28. Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMS)29. Uronic Acid Pathway30. Erythrocytic Protection from O2 Toxicity31. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Erythrocytes32. Heme Biosynthesis33. Heme Degradation34. Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle35. Leaks in the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle36. Oxidative Phosphorylation37. Gluconeogenesis38. Carbohydrate DigestionSection IV: Vitamins and Trace Elements39. Vitamin C40. Thiamin (B1) and Riboflavin (B2)41. Niacin (B3) and Pantothenic Acid (B5)42. Biotin and Pyridoxine (B6)43. Cobalamin (B12)44. Vitamin A45. Vitamin D46. Vitamin E47. Vitamin K48. Iron49. Zinc50. Copper51. Manganese and Selenium52. Iodine and CobaltSection V: Lipid Metabolism53. Overview of Lipid Metabolism54. Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids55. Fatty Acid Oxidation56. Fatty Acid Biosynthesis57. Triglycerides and Glycerophospholipids58. Phospholipid Degradation59. Sphingolipids60. Lipid Digestion61. Cholesterol62. Bile Acids63. Lipoprotein Complexes64. Chylomicrons65. VLDL, IDL, and LDL66. LDL Receptors and HDL67. Hyperlipidemias68. Eicosanoids I69. Eicosanoids II70. Lipolysis71. Ketone Body Formation and Utilization72. Fatty Liver Syndrome (Steatosis)Section VI: Starvation and Excercise73. Starvation (Transition into the Postabsorptive Phase)74. Starvation (The Early Phase)75. Starvation (The Intermediate Phase)76. Starvation (The Late Phase)77. Exercise (Circulatory Adjustments and Creatine)78. Exercise (si1_e and RQ)79. Exercise (Substrate Utilization and Endocrine Parameters)80. Exercise (Muscle Fiber Types and Characteristics)81. Exercise (Athletic Animals)Section VII: Acid-Base Balance82. The Hydrogen Ion Concentration83. Strong and Weak Electrolytes84. Protein Buffer Systems85. Bicarbonate, Phosphate, and Ammonia Buffer Systems86. Anion Gap87. Metabolic Acidosis88. Diabetes Mellitus (Metabolic Acidosis and Potassium Balance)

Elizabeth Allegretto earned a PhD in Biochemistry from the University of Arizona where she did her thesis research on structure function relationships of the vitamin D receptor. She then did post-doctoral work at the University of California San Diego in the Department of Pharmacology working on transcriptional regulation by the jun oncogene. She worked in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries for 12 years in drug discovery research programs targeting nuclear hormone receptors for unmet needs in oncology, women’s health, and inflammation, and then embarked on a second career in veterinary medicine, earning a DVM from Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine (TCSVM). She has worked in small animal private practice and has also taught organic chemistry, biochemistry and biotechnology courses in NJ and biochemistry at TCSVM.

• Section I: Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism1. Chemical Composition of Living Cells2. Properties of Amino Acids3. Amino Acid Modifications4. Protein Structure5. Properties of Enzymes6. Enzyme Kinetics7. Protein Digestion8. Amino Acid Catabolism9. Transamination and Deamination Reactions10. Urea Cycle (Krebs-Henseleit Ornithine Cycle)11. Glutamine and Ammonia12. Nonprotein Derivatives of Amino AcidsSection II: Nucleotide and Nucleic Acid Metabolism13. Nucleotides14. Pyrimidine Biosynthesis15. Purine Biosynthesis16. Folic Acid17. Nucleic Acid and Nucleotide TurnoverSection III: Carbohydrate and Heme Metabolism18. Carbohydrate Structure19. Polysaccharides and Carbohydrate Derivatives20. Glycoproteins and Glycolipids21. Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism22. Glucose Trapping23. Glycogen24. Introduction to Glycolysis (The Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway (EMP))25. Initial Reactions in Anaerobic Glycolysis26. Intermediate Reactions in Anaerobic Glycolysis27. Metabolic Fates of Pyruvate28. Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMS)29. Uronic Acid Pathway30. Erythrocytic Protection from O2 Toxicity31. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Erythrocytes32. Heme Biosynthesis33. Heme Degradation34. Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle35. Leaks in the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle36. Oxidative Phosphorylation37. Gluconeogenesis38. Carbohydrate DigestionSection IV: Vitamins and Trace Elements39. Vitamin C40. Thiamin (B1) and Riboflavin (B2)41. Niacin (B3) and Pantothenic Acid (B5)42. Biotin and Pyridoxine (B6)43. Cobalamin (B12)44. Vitamin A45. Vitamin D46. Vitamin E47. Vitamin K48. Iron49. Zinc50. Copper51. Manganese and Selenium52. Iodine and CobaltSection V: Lipid Metabolism53. Overview of Lipid Metabolism54. Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids55. Fatty Acid Oxidation56. Fatty Acid Biosynthesis57. Triglycerides and Glycerophospholipids58. Phospholipid Degradation59. Sphingolipids60. Lipid Digestion61. Cholesterol62. Bile Acids63. Lipoprotein Complexes64. Chylomicrons65. VLDL, IDL, and LDL66. LDL Receptors and HDL67. Hyperlipidemias68. Eicosanoids I69. Eicosanoids II70. Lipolysis71. Ketone Body Formation and Utilization72. Fatty Liver Syndrome (Steatosis)Section VI: Starvation and Excercise73. Starvation (Transition into the Postabsorptive Phase)74. Starvation (The Early Phase)75. Starvation (The Intermediate Phase)76. Starvation (The Late Phase)77. Exercise (Circulatory Adjustments and Creatine)78. Exercise (si1_e and RQ)79. Exercise (Substrate Utilization and Endocrine Parameters)80. Exercise (Muscle Fiber Types and Characteristics)81. Exercise (Athletic Animals)Section VII: Acid-Base Balance82. The Hydrogen Ion Concentration83. Strong and Weak Electrolytes84. Protein Buffer Systems85. Bicarbonate, Phosphate, and Ammonia Buffer Systems86. Anion Gap87. Metabolic Acidosis88. Diabetes Mellitus (Metabolic Acidosis and Potassium Balance)

Elizabeth Allegretto earned a PhD in Biochemistry from the University of Arizona where she did her thesis research on structure function relationships of the vitamin D receptor. She then did post-doctoral work at the University of California San Diego in the Department of Pharmacology working on transcriptional regulation by the jun oncogene. She worked in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries for 12 years in drug discovery research programs targeting nuclear hormone receptors for unmet needs in oncology, women’s health, and inflammation, and then embarked on a second career in veterinary medicine, earning a DVM from Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine (TCSVM). She has worked in small animal private practice and has also taught organic chemistry, biochemistry and biotechnology courses in NJ and biochemistry at TCSVM.

• Section I: Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism1. Chemical Composition of Living Cells2. Properties of Amino Acids3. Amino Acid Modifications4. Protein Structure5. Properties of Enzymes6. Enzyme Kinetics7. Protein Digestion8. Amino Acid Catabolism9. Transamination and Deamination Reactions10. Urea Cycle (Krebs-Henseleit Ornithine Cycle)11. Glutamine and Ammonia12. Nonprotein Derivatives of Amino AcidsSection II: Nucleotide and Nucleic Acid Metabolism13. Nucleotides14. Pyrimidine Biosynthesis15. Purine Biosynthesis16. Folic Acid17. Nucleic Acid and Nucleotide TurnoverSection III: Carbohydrate and Heme Metabolism18. Carbohydrate Structure19. Polysaccharides and Carbohydrate Derivatives20. Glycoproteins and Glycolipids21. Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism22. Glucose Trapping23. Glycogen24. Introduction to Glycolysis (The Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway (EMP))25. Initial Reactions in Anaerobic Glycolysis26. Intermediate Reactions in Anaerobic Glycolysis27. Metabolic Fates of Pyruvate28. Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMS)29. Uronic Acid Pathway30. Erythrocytic Protection from O2 Toxicity31. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Erythrocytes32. Heme Biosynthesis33. Heme Degradation34. Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle35. Leaks in the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle36. Oxidative Phosphorylation37. Gluconeogenesis38. Carbohydrate DigestionSection IV: Vitamins and Trace Elements39. Vitamin C40. Thiamin (B1) and Riboflavin (B2)41. Niacin (B3) and Pantothenic Acid (B5)42. Biotin and Pyridoxine (B6)43. Cobalamin (B12)44. Vitamin A45. Vitamin D46. Vitamin E47. Vitamin K48. Iron49. Zinc50. Copper51. Manganese and Selenium52. Iodine and CobaltSection V: Lipid Metabolism53. Overview of Lipid Metabolism54. Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids55. Fatty Acid Oxidation56. Fatty Acid Biosynthesis57. Triglycerides and Glycerophospholipids58. Phospholipid Degradation59. Sphingolipids60. Lipid Digestion61. Cholesterol62. Bile Acids63. Lipoprotein Complexes64. Chylomicrons65. VLDL, IDL, and LDL66. LDL Receptors and HDL67. Hyperlipidemias68. Eicosanoids I69. Eicosanoids II70. Lipolysis71. Ketone Body Formation and Utilization72. Fatty Liver Syndrome (Steatosis)Section VI: Starvation and Excercise73. Starvation (Transition into the Postabsorptive Phase)74. Starvation (The Early Phase)75. Starvation (The Intermediate Phase)76. Starvation (The Late Phase)77. Exercise (Circulatory Adjustments and Creatine)78. Exercise (si1_e and RQ)79. Exercise (Substrate Utilization and Endocrine Parameters)80. Exercise (Muscle Fiber Types and Characteristics)81. Exercise (Athletic Animals)Section VII: Acid-Base Balance82. The Hydrogen Ion Concentration83. Strong and Weak Electrolytes84. Protein Buffer Systems85. Bicarbonate, Phosphate, and Ammonia Buffer Systems86. Anion Gap87. Metabolic Acidosis88. Diabetes Mellitus (Metabolic Acidosis and Potassium Balance)