Emerging Membrane Technology for Sustainable Water Treatment

Rajindar Singh is President of Membrane Ventures, LLC. He is a Senior Member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, with more than 35 years of experience focusing on desalination, bioseparations, ion exchange, high purity water production, produced water treatment, membrane plants technical support, electrochemical fuel cells and polymers. Rajindar received post-graduate degrees in chemical engineering and bioengineering from the Univeristy of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA. He is the co-inventor of six patents, and has published 40 journal papers and three books. Professor Nicholas Hankins is an Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering at The University of Oxford, and a Tutorial Fellow in Engineering at Lady Margaret Hall. He is Research Director of the Oxford Centre for Sustainable Water Engineering at Oxford University, and is the Oxford Director of the Singapore-Peking-Oxford Research enterprise. He is a Chartered Chemical Engineer, with over 26 years of research experience in industry and academia. His research has focused on the application of membranes, colloids, surfactants and interfaces to sustainable processes for potable water and wastewater treatment. He has published over 40 refereed journal articles and three chapters in books. He is Co Editor in Chief of the Elsevier Journal of Water Process Engineering and sits on the editorial board of Desalination, Desalination and Water Treatment, and Water. He is the founding chairman and organizer of the Oxford Water and Membranes Research Event, which he has run biennially since 2006.

• Section 1: Membrane Processes for Global Water Solutions 1. Ethical and Sustainable Utilisation of Water: Global Scenariosand Engineering Responsibilities W. Richard Bowen1.1 Introduction 1.2 Global Perspectives 1.3 Global Plans 1.4 Engineering Responsibilities 1.5 Membrane Engineering References 2. Introduction to Membrane Processes for Water Treatment Rajindar Singh, Nicholas P. Hankins2.1 Membrane Materials 2.2 Membrane Separation 2.3 Membrane Processes 2.4 Hybrid Membrane Plants 2.5 Membrane Modules 2.6 Membrane Fouling and Control 2.7 Recent Developments and Future Prospects References Section 2: Desalination and Potable Water Purification 3. Forward Osmosis for Sustainable Water Treatment Li-Cheng Shen, Nicholas P. Hankins3.1 Introduction 3.2 Draw Solutions 3.3 Membranes and Modules 3.4 Applications of FO 3.5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 4. Desalination by Membrane Distillation Julio A. Sanmartino, Mohamed Khayet, M.C. García-Payo4.1 Introduction 4.2 Membrane Distillation 4.3 Properties of Saline Aqueous Solutions 4.4 MD Desalination 4.5 Energy Consumption and Costs of MD Desalination 4.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives in MD References 5. Sustainable Energy Systems for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Philip A. Davies5.1 Introduction 5.2 Performance Limits 5.3 Performance and Losses in RO Desalination 5.4 Performance of PV Cells and Losses 5.5 RO Systems for Variable-Power Operation 5.6 Thermally Powered RO Systems 5.7 Conclusions and Outlook List of Abbreviations Glossary References 6. Desalination and On-site Energy for Groundwater Treatment in DevelopingCountries Using Fuel Cells Rajindar Singh6.1 Background 6.2 India’s WatereEnergy Nexus 6.3 FC Technology 6.4 FC Integrated Membrane Desalination 6.5 Zero Liquid Discharge Desalination Processes 6.6 Appropriate Desalination Technology for Remote Regions 6.7 Concluding Remarks References 7. Ion Exchange Membranes for Water Softening andHigh-Recovery Desalination Malynda A. Cappelle, Thomas A. Davis7.1 Ion Exchange Materials and Water Softening 7.2 Donnan Dialysis 7.3 ED for Desalination 7.4 Conclusions List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Acknowledgements References 8. Water Treatment by Electromembrane Processes Nalan Kabay, O€ zgu€r Arar, Samuel Bunani8.1 Introduction 8.2 Electrodialysis (ED) 8.3 Electrodeionisation (EDI) 8.4 Capacitive Deionisation (CDI) 8.5 Conclusions and Recommendations List of Abbreviations Symbols Subscripts and Superscripts Greek Symbols Acknowledgements References Section 3: Wastewater Treatment for Reclamation and Reuse 9. Removal of Emerging Contaminants for Water Reuse by MembraneTechnology Long D. Nghiem, Takahiro Fujioka9.1 Introduction 9.2 Membrane Technology for Water Reclamation 9.3 NF/RO Separation 9.4 Other Membrane Processes 9.5 Conclusion References 10. Surfactant and Polymer-Based Technologies for Water Treatment Li-Cheng Shen, Nicholas P. Hankins, Rajindar Singh10.1 Introduction 10.2 Surfactant-Based Technologies for Water Treatment 10.3 Polymer-Based Technologies for Water Treatment 10.4 Combined PolymereSurfactant-Based Technologies for Water Treatment 10.5 Characterisation of Micellar Size 10.6 Conclusions Acknowledgement References 11. Submerged and Attached Growth Membrane Bioreactors and ForwardOsmosis Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment Sher Jamal Khan, Nicholas P. Hankins, Li-Cheng Shen11.1 Introduction 11.2 Biological and Membrane Filtration Processes in MBR 11.3 Membrane Fouling Classification and Mitigation Approaches 11.4 Development of AMBR 11.5 The Forward Osmosis MBR References 12. Brine Treatment and High Recovery Desalination J. Gilron12.1 Introduction 12.2 Energy and Pressure Considerations in High Recovery 12.3 Hybrid Processes to Overcome Salinity Limitations 12.4 Hybrid Processes that Overcome Scaling Problems 12.5 Conclusions Nomenclature Greek Symbols Subscripts References Section 4: New Membrane Materials and Applications 13. Development of Hybrid Processes for High Purity Water Production Rajindar Singh13.1 Introduction13.2 Process Technologies13.3 HPW Applications13.4 UPW Processes for Advanced Microchips 13.5 Water Reclamation for Reuse References 14. Biomimetic Membranes for Water Purification and Wastewater Treatment Chuyang Y. Tang, Zhining Wang, Claus H'elix-Nielsen14.1 Introduction 14.2 Aquaporins 14.3 Biomimetic Membranes and Their Properties 14.4 Summary and Conclusions References 15. Novel Graphene Membranes e Theory and Application Jakob Buchheim, Roman M. Wyss, Chang-Min Kim, Mengmeng Deng, Hyung Gyu Park15.1 Introduction 15.2 Porous Graphene Fluidics e Mass Transport across Porous Graphene 15.3 Mass Transport across Layered Graphene and Graphene Oxide 15.4 Conclusions References 16. Nanocomposite and Responsive Membranes for Water Treatment Sebasti'an Hern'andez, Anthony Saad, Lindell Ormsbee, Dibakar Bhattacharyya16.1 Introduction 16.2 Responsive Materials 16.3 Nanocomposite Membranes 16.4 Summary Acknowledgements References 17. Membrane Fouling, Modelling and Recent Developments for Mitigation Catalina Alvarado, Kathryn Farris, James Kilduff17.1 Introduction 17.2 Foulants 17.3 Biological Fouling 17.4 Models for Fouling 17.5 Approaches to Mitigate Fouling 17.6 Concluding Remarks References