Professor Xuemin Shen works in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Waterloo, Canada. His research interests are Wireless/Internet interworking, Resource and mobility management, Voice over mobile IP, WiFi, WAP, Bluetooth, UWB wireless applications, ad hoc wireless networks. Dr. Mohsen Guizani is Professor and Chair of the Department of Computer Science at Western Michigan university. Dr. Guizani's research interests include Computer Networks, Wireless Communications and Computing, Design and Analysis of Computer Systems, and Optical Networking. He is the founder and Editor-In-Chief of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Journal, published by John Wiley.Professor Robert Caiming works in the Center for Manufacturing Research/Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Tennessee Technological University, USA. His research interests include Wireless communications and systems (3G, 4G, UWB), Radar/communications signal processing and Time-domain Electromagnetics.Professor Tho Le-Ngoc works in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at McGill University. His research interests include Broadband Communications: Advanced Transmission, Multiple-Access and Dynamic Capacity Allocation Techniques.

• List of Contributors xiPreface xiii1 Introduction 1Robert Caiming Qiu, Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, Mohsen Guizani and Tho Le-Ngoc1.1 Fundamentals 11.1.1 Overview of UWB 11.1.2 History 21.1.3 Regulatory 21.1.4 Applications 21.1.5 Pulse- or Multicarrier-Based UWB 31.2 Issues Unique to UWB 41.2.1 Antennas 41.2.2 Propagation and Channel Model 41.2.3 Modulations 51.2.4 A/D Sampling 61.2.5 Timing Acquisition 71.2.6 Receiver Structures 71.2.7 Multiple Access 81.3 Emerging Technologies 81.3.1 Low-Complexity Noncoherent Receivers 81.3.2 Location-Based Sensor Networks 91.3.3 Time Reversal 91.3.4 MAC 101.3.5 Future Directions 12References 132 Modulation and Signal Detection in UWB 15Uzoma A. Onunkwo and Ye (Geoffrey) Li2.1 Overview 152.1.1 Evolution and Definition 152.1.2 Major Differences from Narrowband and CDMA Systems 162.1.3 Types of UWB Modulation 162.1.4 UWB Applications 162.2 Single-Carrier–Based Modulation 172.2.1 Time-Hopping PPM 172.2.2 Other Types of Modulations 212.2.3 Channel Estimation 232.2.4 Signal Detection 272.3 OFDM-Based Modulation 292.3.1 Basic OFDM for UWB 292.3.2 Channel Estimation 302.3.3 Interference Suppression 312.4 Conclusion and Further Reading 34References 343 UWB Pulse Propagation and Detection 37Robert Caiming Qiu3.1 Introduction 373.2 UWB Pulse Propagation 373.2.1 Generalized Multipath Model 373.2.2 IEEE 802.15.4a Channel Model 393.3 UWB Pulse Signal Detection 393.3.1 Optimum Receiver 393.3.2 Generalized RAKE Receiver 413.3.3 Optimum Receiver with Intersymbol Interference 443.3.4 Receiver with Time-Reversal Channel Impulse Response 473.3.5 Optimum Receiver with Multiuser Detection 48References 514 Timing Synchronization for UWB Impulse Radios 53Zhi Tian and Georgios B. Giannakis4.1 Introduction 534.2 Signal Model 554.3 Signal Detection and Symbol-Level Acquisition 574.3.1 Analog Energy Detectors 574.3.2 Discrete-Time Energy Detectors 574.4 SAT and MAT: Templates with and without Timing 594.5 Coarse Synchronization Using Symbol-Rate Samples 604.5.1 Discrete-Time Correlator Output Model under Mistiming 614.5.2 CML Timing Synchronization 624.5.3 Analytic and Simulated Performance 624.6 Synchronization with Flexible Timing Resolution 644.6.1 Timing-Offset Search via Sample Mean Square 644.6.2 Timing-Offset Search via Cross-Correlation Mean Square 664.6.3 Comparative Study and Implementation Aspects 684.7 Timing Acquisition for Ad Hoc Multiple Access 704.7.1 Training-Based Multiuser TOE 704.7.2 Blind Synchronization for Multiuser Ad Hoc Access 714.7.3 TOE Performance Analysis 754.8 Demodulation and BER Sensitivity to Mistiming 764.9 Concluding Summary 78References 795 Error Performance of Pulsed Ultra-wideband Systems in Indoor Environments 83Huaping Liu5.1 Introduction 835.2 System Model 855.3 Error Performance in Indoor Environments 895.3.1 Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation 905.3.2 Receiver with Self-Derived Template Waveforms 925.3.3 System with Multiple Antennas 95References 1016 Mixed-Signal Ultra-wideband Communications Receivers 103Sebastian Hoyos and Brian M. Sadler6.1 Introduction 1036.2 Analog-to-Digital Conversion via Signal Expansion 1056.3 Mixed-Signal Communication Receivers Based on A/D Conversion via Signal Expansion 1076.3.1 Transmitted Signal and Channel Model 1076.3.2 Digital Linear Receivers Based on ADC via Signal Expansion 1076.4 Analog-to-Digital Conversion in the Frequency Domain 1096.5 Frequency-Domain Mixed-Signal Receivers 1116.5.1 Multicarrier Communication Systems Based on A/D Conversion in the Frequency Domain 1116.5.2 Relationship to the Fourier Series Coefficients 1176.5.3 Mixed-Signal Transmitted-Reference Receiver 1186.6 Conclusions 124References 1257 Trends in Ultra-wideband Transceiver Design 127Zhengyuan Xu7.1 Introduction 1277.2 Status of UWB Transceiver Design 1287.3 Digital UWB Receivers 1307.3.1 PPM-Based TH-UWB System Model 1317.3.2 Channel Estimation Techniques 1327.3.3 Design of Linear Receivers 1337.3.4 Some Thoughts about Complexity Reduction 1347.3.5 Finite Resolution Digital Receivers 1357.4 Analog/Digital UWB Transceivers 1367.4.1 Near Full-Rate TR Transceivers 1367.4.2 Full-Rate TR Transceivers 1447.5 Conclusions 149Acknowledgments 149References 1498 UWB MAC and Ad Hoc Networks 155Zihua Guo and Richard Yao8.1 Introduction 1558.1.1 Overview of IEEE 802.15.3 MAC 1558.1.2 Overview of MBOA MAC 1578.2 QoS Scheduling in PNC 1588.2.1 Problem Definition 1598.2.2 Deadline-Aware Scheduling Algorithm 1608.2.3 Calculation of the Reserved CTA 1618.2.4 Simulation Results 1618.3 Power Management in IEEE 802.15.3 1638.3.1 Problem Definition 1648.3.2 Proposed Approach 1658.3.3 Simulation Results 1678.4 Adaptive Dly-ACK 1688.4.1 Problem Definition 1708.4.2 Adaptive Dly-ACK 1728.4.3 Simulation Results 1778.5 Ad Hoc Networks 1838.5.1 Child Piconet 1838.5.2 Independent Piconets 1848.6 Summary 187References 1879 Radio Resource Management for Ultra-wideband Communications 189Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, Weihua Zhuang, Hai Jiang and Jun Cai9.1 Introduction 1899.2 Radio Resource Management 1919.2.1 Pulse-Based UWB Physical Layer Characteristics 1919.2.2 Challenges and Opportunities 1929.3 Multiple Access 1939.3.1 Exclusive versus Concurrent Transmissions 1939.3.2 Code Assignment 1949.3.3 Interference Mitigation in TH-UWB 1969.4 Overhead Reduction 1979.4.1 ACK Mechanisms 1989.4.2 Long Acquisition Time 1999.5 Power/Rate Allocation 2009.5.1 Power Allocation 2009.5.2 Rate Guarantee 2029.5.3 Rate Control 2039.5.4 Cross-Layer Design 2059.6 Conclusions 206References 20710 Pulsed UWB Interference to Narrowband Receivers 211Jay E. Padgett10.1 Introduction 21110.2 Pulsed UWB Signal Model 21210.3 Narrowband Receiver Model 21610.4 Equivalent Receiver Model and Response to a Pulse 21810.5 Response to a Pulse Sequence 22010.6 Simulating the Response to a Pulse Sequence 22310.6.1 I/Q Component Formulation 22310.6.2 Simulation Parameters 22410.6.3 Normalization 22410.6.4 Example Filter Response: The n-Pole Filter 22510.7 General Properties of the IF Output 22710.7.1 Case 1: Pulse Rate Less than IF Bandwidth 22710.7.2 Case 2: Pulse Rate Greater than IF Bandwidth 22810.8 Power Spectral Density 23010.9 Discrete PDF PSD Example: Equally Spaced, Equally Likely Time Offsets 23310.10 Continuous PDF PSD Examples 23910.10.1 The Poisson Process 23910.10.2 Continuous PDF Uniform Random Pulse Position 24010.11 Comparison of PSD and Simulation Results 24210.12 Statistical Properties of the Output Envelope 24710.13 Summary 249References 25011 Digital-Carrier Spreading Codes for Baseband UWB Multiaccess 251Liuqing Yang and Georgios B. Giannakis11.1 Introduction 25111.2 Digital-Carrier Multiband User Codes 25211.2.1 Baseband Single-Carrier UWB 25211.2.2 Baseband Multicarrier UWB 25411.3 Low Duty-Cycle Access in the Presence of NBI 25511.3.1 General Rake Reception Model 25511.3.2 SINR Analysis 25911.3.3 Simulations and Numerical Results 26011.4 Improved Rate Access in the Presence of Multipath 26311.4.1 Rake Reception Model with IFI 26311.4.2 Performance Comparisons 26611.4.3 Simulated Examples 27111.5 Multiuser Interference Mitigation 27311.6 Summary 276References 27612 Localization 279Kegen Yu, Harri Saarnisaari, Jean-Philippe Montillet, Alberto Rabbachin, Ian Oppermann and Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas de Abreu12.1 Introduction 27912.2 Time-of-Arrival Estimation 27912.2.1 Estimation Accuracy 28012.2.2 Energy-Collection–Based TOA Estimation 28112.2.3 Two-Stage TOA Estimation 28212.2.4 Simulation Results 28612.3 Location and Tracking 28612.3.1 Position Estimation 28712.3.2 Tracking 29212.3.3 Simulation Results 29212.4 Location in Distributed Architectures 29412.4.1 Overview 29412.4.2 Proposed Algorithm 29512.4.3 Simulation Results 29612.5 Theoretical Positioning Accuracy 29712.5.1 Analysis Tool 29812.5.2 Hyperbolic Location Accuracy 29912.6 Conclusions 301Acknowledgment 301References 301Index 305

Professor Xuemin Shen works in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Waterloo, Canada. His research interests are Wireless/Internet interworking, Resource and mobility management, Voice over mobile IP, WiFi, WAP, Bluetooth, UWB wireless applications, ad hoc wireless networks. Dr. Mohsen Guizani is Professor and Chair of the Department of Computer Science at Western Michigan university. Dr. Guizani's research interests include Computer Networks, Wireless Communications and Computing, Design and Analysis of Computer Systems, and Optical Networking. He is the founder and Editor-In-Chief of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Journal, published by John Wiley.Professor Robert Caiming works in the Center for Manufacturing Research/Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Tennessee Technological University, USA. His research interests include Wireless communications and systems (3G, 4G, UWB), Radar/communications signal processing and Time-domain Electromagnetics.Professor Tho Le-Ngoc works in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at McGill University. His research interests include Broadband Communications: Advanced Transmission, Multiple-Access and Dynamic Capacity Allocation Techniques.

• List of Contributors xiPreface xiii1 Introduction 1Robert Caiming Qiu, Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, Mohsen Guizani and Tho Le-Ngoc1.1 Fundamentals 11.1.1 Overview of UWB 11.1.2 History 21.1.3 Regulatory 21.1.4 Applications 21.1.5 Pulse- or Multicarrier-Based UWB 31.2 Issues Unique to UWB 41.2.1 Antennas 41.2.2 Propagation and Channel Model 41.2.3 Modulations 51.2.4 A/D Sampling 61.2.5 Timing Acquisition 71.2.6 Receiver Structures 71.2.7 Multiple Access 81.3 Emerging Technologies 81.3.1 Low-Complexity Noncoherent Receivers 81.3.2 Location-Based Sensor Networks 91.3.3 Time Reversal 91.3.4 MAC 101.3.5 Future Directions 12References 132 Modulation and Signal Detection in UWB 15Uzoma A. Onunkwo and Ye (Geoffrey) Li2.1 Overview 152.1.1 Evolution and Definition 152.1.2 Major Differences from Narrowband and CDMA Systems 162.1.3 Types of UWB Modulation 162.1.4 UWB Applications 162.2 Single-Carrier–Based Modulation 172.2.1 Time-Hopping PPM 172.2.2 Other Types of Modulations 212.2.3 Channel Estimation 232.2.4 Signal Detection 272.3 OFDM-Based Modulation 292.3.1 Basic OFDM for UWB 292.3.2 Channel Estimation 302.3.3 Interference Suppression 312.4 Conclusion and Further Reading 34References 343 UWB Pulse Propagation and Detection 37Robert Caiming Qiu3.1 Introduction 373.2 UWB Pulse Propagation 373.2.1 Generalized Multipath Model 373.2.2 IEEE 802.15.4a Channel Model 393.3 UWB Pulse Signal Detection 393.3.1 Optimum Receiver 393.3.2 Generalized RAKE Receiver 413.3.3 Optimum Receiver with Intersymbol Interference 443.3.4 Receiver with Time-Reversal Channel Impulse Response 473.3.5 Optimum Receiver with Multiuser Detection 48References 514 Timing Synchronization for UWB Impulse Radios 53Zhi Tian and Georgios B. Giannakis4.1 Introduction 534.2 Signal Model 554.3 Signal Detection and Symbol-Level Acquisition 574.3.1 Analog Energy Detectors 574.3.2 Discrete-Time Energy Detectors 574.4 SAT and MAT: Templates with and without Timing 594.5 Coarse Synchronization Using Symbol-Rate Samples 604.5.1 Discrete-Time Correlator Output Model under Mistiming 614.5.2 CML Timing Synchronization 624.5.3 Analytic and Simulated Performance 624.6 Synchronization with Flexible Timing Resolution 644.6.1 Timing-Offset Search via Sample Mean Square 644.6.2 Timing-Offset Search via Cross-Correlation Mean Square 664.6.3 Comparative Study and Implementation Aspects 684.7 Timing Acquisition for Ad Hoc Multiple Access 704.7.1 Training-Based Multiuser TOE 704.7.2 Blind Synchronization for Multiuser Ad Hoc Access 714.7.3 TOE Performance Analysis 754.8 Demodulation and BER Sensitivity to Mistiming 764.9 Concluding Summary 78References 795 Error Performance of Pulsed Ultra-wideband Systems in Indoor Environments 83Huaping Liu5.1 Introduction 835.2 System Model 855.3 Error Performance in Indoor Environments 895.3.1 Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation 905.3.2 Receiver with Self-Derived Template Waveforms 925.3.3 System with Multiple Antennas 95References 1016 Mixed-Signal Ultra-wideband Communications Receivers 103Sebastian Hoyos and Brian M. Sadler6.1 Introduction 1036.2 Analog-to-Digital Conversion via Signal Expansion 1056.3 Mixed-Signal Communication Receivers Based on A/D Conversion via Signal Expansion 1076.3.1 Transmitted Signal and Channel Model 1076.3.2 Digital Linear Receivers Based on ADC via Signal Expansion 1076.4 Analog-to-Digital Conversion in the Frequency Domain 1096.5 Frequency-Domain Mixed-Signal Receivers 1116.5.1 Multicarrier Communication Systems Based on A/D Conversion in the Frequency Domain 1116.5.2 Relationship to the Fourier Series Coefficients 1176.5.3 Mixed-Signal Transmitted-Reference Receiver 1186.6 Conclusions 124References 1257 Trends in Ultra-wideband Transceiver Design 127Zhengyuan Xu7.1 Introduction 1277.2 Status of UWB Transceiver Design 1287.3 Digital UWB Receivers 1307.3.1 PPM-Based TH-UWB System Model 1317.3.2 Channel Estimation Techniques 1327.3.3 Design of Linear Receivers 1337.3.4 Some Thoughts about Complexity Reduction 1347.3.5 Finite Resolution Digital Receivers 1357.4 Analog/Digital UWB Transceivers 1367.4.1 Near Full-Rate TR Transceivers 1367.4.2 Full-Rate TR Transceivers 1447.5 Conclusions 149Acknowledgments 149References 1498 UWB MAC and Ad Hoc Networks 155Zihua Guo and Richard Yao8.1 Introduction 1558.1.1 Overview of IEEE 802.15.3 MAC 1558.1.2 Overview of MBOA MAC 1578.2 QoS Scheduling in PNC 1588.2.1 Problem Definition 1598.2.2 Deadline-Aware Scheduling Algorithm 1608.2.3 Calculation of the Reserved CTA 1618.2.4 Simulation Results 1618.3 Power Management in IEEE 802.15.3 1638.3.1 Problem Definition 1648.3.2 Proposed Approach 1658.3.3 Simulation Results 1678.4 Adaptive Dly-ACK 1688.4.1 Problem Definition 1708.4.2 Adaptive Dly-ACK 1728.4.3 Simulation Results 1778.5 Ad Hoc Networks 1838.5.1 Child Piconet 1838.5.2 Independent Piconets 1848.6 Summary 187References 1879 Radio Resource Management for Ultra-wideband Communications 189Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, Weihua Zhuang, Hai Jiang and Jun Cai9.1 Introduction 1899.2 Radio Resource Management 1919.2.1 Pulse-Based UWB Physical Layer Characteristics 1919.2.2 Challenges and Opportunities 1929.3 Multiple Access 1939.3.1 Exclusive versus Concurrent Transmissions 1939.3.2 Code Assignment 1949.3.3 Interference Mitigation in TH-UWB 1969.4 Overhead Reduction 1979.4.1 ACK Mechanisms 1989.4.2 Long Acquisition Time 1999.5 Power/Rate Allocation 2009.5.1 Power Allocation 2009.5.2 Rate Guarantee 2029.5.3 Rate Control 2039.5.4 Cross-Layer Design 2059.6 Conclusions 206References 20710 Pulsed UWB Interference to Narrowband Receivers 211Jay E. Padgett10.1 Introduction 21110.2 Pulsed UWB Signal Model 21210.3 Narrowband Receiver Model 21610.4 Equivalent Receiver Model and Response to a Pulse 21810.5 Response to a Pulse Sequence 22010.6 Simulating the Response to a Pulse Sequence 22310.6.1 I/Q Component Formulation 22310.6.2 Simulation Parameters 22410.6.3 Normalization 22410.6.4 Example Filter Response: The n-Pole Filter 22510.7 General Properties of the IF Output 22710.7.1 Case 1: Pulse Rate Less than IF Bandwidth 22710.7.2 Case 2: Pulse Rate Greater than IF Bandwidth 22810.8 Power Spectral Density 23010.9 Discrete PDF PSD Example: Equally Spaced, Equally Likely Time Offsets 23310.10 Continuous PDF PSD Examples 23910.10.1 The Poisson Process 23910.10.2 Continuous PDF Uniform Random Pulse Position 24010.11 Comparison of PSD and Simulation Results 24210.12 Statistical Properties of the Output Envelope 24710.13 Summary 249References 25011 Digital-Carrier Spreading Codes for Baseband UWB Multiaccess 251Liuqing Yang and Georgios B. Giannakis11.1 Introduction 25111.2 Digital-Carrier Multiband User Codes 25211.2.1 Baseband Single-Carrier UWB 25211.2.2 Baseband Multicarrier UWB 25411.3 Low Duty-Cycle Access in the Presence of NBI 25511.3.1 General Rake Reception Model 25511.3.2 SINR Analysis 25911.3.3 Simulations and Numerical Results 26011.4 Improved Rate Access in the Presence of Multipath 26311.4.1 Rake Reception Model with IFI 26311.4.2 Performance Comparisons 26611.4.3 Simulated Examples 27111.5 Multiuser Interference Mitigation 27311.6 Summary 276References 27612 Localization 279Kegen Yu, Harri Saarnisaari, Jean-Philippe Montillet, Alberto Rabbachin, Ian Oppermann and Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas de Abreu12.1 Introduction 27912.2 Time-of-Arrival Estimation 27912.2.1 Estimation Accuracy 28012.2.2 Energy-Collection–Based TOA Estimation 28112.2.3 Two-Stage TOA Estimation 28212.2.4 Simulation Results 28612.3 Location and Tracking 28612.3.1 Position Estimation 28712.3.2 Tracking 29212.3.3 Simulation Results 29212.4 Location in Distributed Architectures 29412.4.1 Overview 29412.4.2 Proposed Algorithm 29512.4.3 Simulation Results 29612.5 Theoretical Positioning Accuracy 29712.5.1 Analysis Tool 29812.5.2 Hyperbolic Location Accuracy 29912.6 Conclusions 301Acknowledgment 301References 301Index 305

Professor Xuemin Shen works in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Waterloo, Canada. His research interests are Wireless/Internet interworking, Resource and mobility management, Voice over mobile IP, WiFi, WAP, Bluetooth, UWB wireless applications, ad hoc wireless networks. Dr. Mohsen Guizani is Professor and Chair of the Department of Computer Science at Western Michigan university. Dr. Guizani's research interests include Computer Networks, Wireless Communications and Computing, Design and Analysis of Computer Systems, and Optical Networking. He is the founder and Editor-In-Chief of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Journal, published by John Wiley.Professor Robert Caiming works in the Center for Manufacturing Research/Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Tennessee Technological University, USA. His research interests include Wireless communications and systems (3G, 4G, UWB), Radar/communications signal processing and Time-domain Electromagnetics.Professor Tho Le-Ngoc works in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at McGill University. His research interests include Broadband Communications: Advanced Transmission, Multiple-Access and Dynamic Capacity Allocation Techniques.

• List of Contributors xiPreface xiii1 Introduction 1Robert Caiming Qiu, Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, Mohsen Guizani and Tho Le-Ngoc1.1 Fundamentals 11.1.1 Overview of UWB 11.1.2 History 21.1.3 Regulatory 21.1.4 Applications 21.1.5 Pulse- or Multicarrier-Based UWB 31.2 Issues Unique to UWB 41.2.1 Antennas 41.2.2 Propagation and Channel Model 41.2.3 Modulations 51.2.4 A/D Sampling 61.2.5 Timing Acquisition 71.2.6 Receiver Structures 71.2.7 Multiple Access 81.3 Emerging Technologies 81.3.1 Low-Complexity Noncoherent Receivers 81.3.2 Location-Based Sensor Networks 91.3.3 Time Reversal 91.3.4 MAC 101.3.5 Future Directions 12References 132 Modulation and Signal Detection in UWB 15Uzoma A. Onunkwo and Ye (Geoffrey) Li2.1 Overview 152.1.1 Evolution and Definition 152.1.2 Major Differences from Narrowband and CDMA Systems 162.1.3 Types of UWB Modulation 162.1.4 UWB Applications 162.2 Single-Carrier–Based Modulation 172.2.1 Time-Hopping PPM 172.2.2 Other Types of Modulations 212.2.3 Channel Estimation 232.2.4 Signal Detection 272.3 OFDM-Based Modulation 292.3.1 Basic OFDM for UWB 292.3.2 Channel Estimation 302.3.3 Interference Suppression 312.4 Conclusion and Further Reading 34References 343 UWB Pulse Propagation and Detection 37Robert Caiming Qiu3.1 Introduction 373.2 UWB Pulse Propagation 373.2.1 Generalized Multipath Model 373.2.2 IEEE 802.15.4a Channel Model 393.3 UWB Pulse Signal Detection 393.3.1 Optimum Receiver 393.3.2 Generalized RAKE Receiver 413.3.3 Optimum Receiver with Intersymbol Interference 443.3.4 Receiver with Time-Reversal Channel Impulse Response 473.3.5 Optimum Receiver with Multiuser Detection 48References 514 Timing Synchronization for UWB Impulse Radios 53Zhi Tian and Georgios B. Giannakis4.1 Introduction 534.2 Signal Model 554.3 Signal Detection and Symbol-Level Acquisition 574.3.1 Analog Energy Detectors 574.3.2 Discrete-Time Energy Detectors 574.4 SAT and MAT: Templates with and without Timing 594.5 Coarse Synchronization Using Symbol-Rate Samples 604.5.1 Discrete-Time Correlator Output Model under Mistiming 614.5.2 CML Timing Synchronization 624.5.3 Analytic and Simulated Performance 624.6 Synchronization with Flexible Timing Resolution 644.6.1 Timing-Offset Search via Sample Mean Square 644.6.2 Timing-Offset Search via Cross-Correlation Mean Square 664.6.3 Comparative Study and Implementation Aspects 684.7 Timing Acquisition for Ad Hoc Multiple Access 704.7.1 Training-Based Multiuser TOE 704.7.2 Blind Synchronization for Multiuser Ad Hoc Access 714.7.3 TOE Performance Analysis 754.8 Demodulation and BER Sensitivity to Mistiming 764.9 Concluding Summary 78References 795 Error Performance of Pulsed Ultra-wideband Systems in Indoor Environments 83Huaping Liu5.1 Introduction 835.2 System Model 855.3 Error Performance in Indoor Environments 895.3.1 Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation 905.3.2 Receiver with Self-Derived Template Waveforms 925.3.3 System with Multiple Antennas 95References 1016 Mixed-Signal Ultra-wideband Communications Receivers 103Sebastian Hoyos and Brian M. Sadler6.1 Introduction 1036.2 Analog-to-Digital Conversion via Signal Expansion 1056.3 Mixed-Signal Communication Receivers Based on A/D Conversion via Signal Expansion 1076.3.1 Transmitted Signal and Channel Model 1076.3.2 Digital Linear Receivers Based on ADC via Signal Expansion 1076.4 Analog-to-Digital Conversion in the Frequency Domain 1096.5 Frequency-Domain Mixed-Signal Receivers 1116.5.1 Multicarrier Communication Systems Based on A/D Conversion in the Frequency Domain 1116.5.2 Relationship to the Fourier Series Coefficients 1176.5.3 Mixed-Signal Transmitted-Reference Receiver 1186.6 Conclusions 124References 1257 Trends in Ultra-wideband Transceiver Design 127Zhengyuan Xu7.1 Introduction 1277.2 Status of UWB Transceiver Design 1287.3 Digital UWB Receivers 1307.3.1 PPM-Based TH-UWB System Model 1317.3.2 Channel Estimation Techniques 1327.3.3 Design of Linear Receivers 1337.3.4 Some Thoughts about Complexity Reduction 1347.3.5 Finite Resolution Digital Receivers 1357.4 Analog/Digital UWB Transceivers 1367.4.1 Near Full-Rate TR Transceivers 1367.4.2 Full-Rate TR Transceivers 1447.5 Conclusions 149Acknowledgments 149References 1498 UWB MAC and Ad Hoc Networks 155Zihua Guo and Richard Yao8.1 Introduction 1558.1.1 Overview of IEEE 802.15.3 MAC 1558.1.2 Overview of MBOA MAC 1578.2 QoS Scheduling in PNC 1588.2.1 Problem Definition 1598.2.2 Deadline-Aware Scheduling Algorithm 1608.2.3 Calculation of the Reserved CTA 1618.2.4 Simulation Results 1618.3 Power Management in IEEE 802.15.3 1638.3.1 Problem Definition 1648.3.2 Proposed Approach 1658.3.3 Simulation Results 1678.4 Adaptive Dly-ACK 1688.4.1 Problem Definition 1708.4.2 Adaptive Dly-ACK 1728.4.3 Simulation Results 1778.5 Ad Hoc Networks 1838.5.1 Child Piconet 1838.5.2 Independent Piconets 1848.6 Summary 187References 1879 Radio Resource Management for Ultra-wideband Communications 189Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, Weihua Zhuang, Hai Jiang and Jun Cai9.1 Introduction 1899.2 Radio Resource Management 1919.2.1 Pulse-Based UWB Physical Layer Characteristics 1919.2.2 Challenges and Opportunities 1929.3 Multiple Access 1939.3.1 Exclusive versus Concurrent Transmissions 1939.3.2 Code Assignment 1949.3.3 Interference Mitigation in TH-UWB 1969.4 Overhead Reduction 1979.4.1 ACK Mechanisms 1989.4.2 Long Acquisition Time 1999.5 Power/Rate Allocation 2009.5.1 Power Allocation 2009.5.2 Rate Guarantee 2029.5.3 Rate Control 2039.5.4 Cross-Layer Design 2059.6 Conclusions 206References 20710 Pulsed UWB Interference to Narrowband Receivers 211Jay E. Padgett10.1 Introduction 21110.2 Pulsed UWB Signal Model 21210.3 Narrowband Receiver Model 21610.4 Equivalent Receiver Model and Response to a Pulse 21810.5 Response to a Pulse Sequence 22010.6 Simulating the Response to a Pulse Sequence 22310.6.1 I/Q Component Formulation 22310.6.2 Simulation Parameters 22410.6.3 Normalization 22410.6.4 Example Filter Response: The n-Pole Filter 22510.7 General Properties of the IF Output 22710.7.1 Case 1: Pulse Rate Less than IF Bandwidth 22710.7.2 Case 2: Pulse Rate Greater than IF Bandwidth 22810.8 Power Spectral Density 23010.9 Discrete PDF PSD Example: Equally Spaced, Equally Likely Time Offsets 23310.10 Continuous PDF PSD Examples 23910.10.1 The Poisson Process 23910.10.2 Continuous PDF Uniform Random Pulse Position 24010.11 Comparison of PSD and Simulation Results 24210.12 Statistical Properties of the Output Envelope 24710.13 Summary 249References 25011 Digital-Carrier Spreading Codes for Baseband UWB Multiaccess 251Liuqing Yang and Georgios B. Giannakis11.1 Introduction 25111.2 Digital-Carrier Multiband User Codes 25211.2.1 Baseband Single-Carrier UWB 25211.2.2 Baseband Multicarrier UWB 25411.3 Low Duty-Cycle Access in the Presence of NBI 25511.3.1 General Rake Reception Model 25511.3.2 SINR Analysis 25911.3.3 Simulations and Numerical Results 26011.4 Improved Rate Access in the Presence of Multipath 26311.4.1 Rake Reception Model with IFI 26311.4.2 Performance Comparisons 26611.4.3 Simulated Examples 27111.5 Multiuser Interference Mitigation 27311.6 Summary 276References 27612 Localization 279Kegen Yu, Harri Saarnisaari, Jean-Philippe Montillet, Alberto Rabbachin, Ian Oppermann and Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas de Abreu12.1 Introduction 27912.2 Time-of-Arrival Estimation 27912.2.1 Estimation Accuracy 28012.2.2 Energy-Collection–Based TOA Estimation 28112.2.3 Two-Stage TOA Estimation 28212.2.4 Simulation Results 28612.3 Location and Tracking 28612.3.1 Position Estimation 28712.3.2 Tracking 29212.3.3 Simulation Results 29212.4 Location in Distributed Architectures 29412.4.1 Overview 29412.4.2 Proposed Algorithm 29512.4.3 Simulation Results 29612.5 Theoretical Positioning Accuracy 29712.5.1 Analysis Tool 29812.5.2 Hyperbolic Location Accuracy 29912.6 Conclusions 301Acknowledgment 301References 301Index 305