Ultra Wideband Signals and Systems in Communication Engineering

Mohammad Ghavami is Reader at the Centre for Telecommunications Research, King's College London. From 1998 to 2000 he was a JSPS Postdoctoral fellow in Yokohama National University, Japan, and from 2000 to 2002 he was a researcher at the Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc. in Tokyo, Japan. Lachlan Michael is based at Hattori Information Processing Laboratory, Sony, Inc. and was previously Associate Researcher at Sony Corporation, Tokyo.Ryuji Kohno is Visiting Researcher at the Fundamental Research Lab, Sony CSL and a Professor at the Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan. He was previouslyDirector of the Advanced Telecommunication Laboratory, Sony Coroporation, Tokyo.

"Ultra Wideband Signals and Systems in Communication Engineering is a well-developed, introductory book on UWB technologies and applications, which is a strong resource for both beginners who seek to introduction to UWB principles and their applications, and for researchers who wish to better understand the application of UWB technologies to practical systems." (IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, September 2008) "Well-developed, introductory book on UWB technologies and applications, which is a strong resource for both beginners who seek an introduction to UWB principles and their applications, and for researchers who wish to better understand the application of UWB technologies to practical systems." (IEEE Signal Magazine, September 2008)

• Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xviiList of Figures xixList of Tables xxixIntroduction 1I.1 Ultra wideband overview 1I.2 A note on terminology 2I.3 Historical development of UWB 2I.4 UWB regulation overview 3I.4.1 Basic definitions and rules 4I.5 Key benefits of UWB 5I.6 UWB and Shannon’s theory 6I.7 Challenges for UWB 7I.8 Summary 71 Basic properties of UWB signals and systems 91.1 Introduction 91.2 Power spectral density 101.3 Pulse shape 111.4 Pulse trains 141.5 Spectral masks 161.6 Multipath 171.7 Penetration characteristics 201.8 Spatial and spectral capacities 201.9 Speed of data transmission 211.10 Cost 221.11 Size 221.12 Power consumption 231.13 Summary 232 Generation of UWB waveforms 252.1 Introduction 252.1.1 Damped sine waves 262.2 Gaussian waveforms 282.3 Designing waveforms for specific spectral masks 312.3.1 Introduction 322.3.2 Multiband modulation 332.4 Practical constraints and effects of imperfections 392.5 Summary 403 Signal-processing techniques for UWB systems 433.1 The effects of a lossy medium on a UWB transmitted signal 433.2 Time domain analysis 463.2.1 Classification of signals 463.2.2 Some useful functions 483.2.3 Some useful operations 513.2.4 Classification of systems 543.2.5 Impulse response 573.2.6 Distortionless transmission 573.3 Frequency domain techniques 573.3.1 Fourier transforms 573.3.2 Frequency response approaches 583.3.3 Transfer function 603.3.4 Laplace transform 633.3.5 z-transform 643.3.6 The relationship between the Laplace transform, the Fourier transform, and the z-transform 673.4 UWB signal-processing issues and algorithms 683.5 Detection and amplification 713.6 Summary 724 UWB channel modeling 754.1 A simplified UWB multipath channel model 764.1.1 Number of resolvable multipath components 784.1.2 Multipath delay spread 784.1.3 Multipath intensity profile 794.1.4 Multipath amplitude-fading distribution 804.1.5 Multipath arrival times 814.2 Path loss model 834.2.1 Free space loss 834.2.2 Refraction 844.2.3 Reflection 844.2.4 Diffraction 854.2.5 Wave clutter 854.2.6 Aperture–medium coupling loss 854.2.7 Absorption 854.2.8 Example of free space path loss model 854.3 Two-ray UWB propagation model 874.3.1 Two-ray path loss 884.3.2 Two-ray path loss model 914.3.3 Impact of path loss frequency selectivity on UWB transmission 934.4 Frequency domain autoregressive model 964.4.1 Poles of the AR model 994.5 IEEE proposals for UWB channel models 1004.5.1 An analytical description of the IEEE UWB indoor channel model 1014.6 Summary 1065 UWB communications 1095.1 Introduction 1095.2 UWB modulation methods 1105.2.1 PPM 1115.2.2 BPM 1125.3 Other modulation methods 1135.3.1 OPM 1155.3.2 PAM 1155.3.3 OOK 1165.3.4 Summary of UWB modulation methods 1165.4 Pulse trains 1165.4.1 Gaussian pulse train 1175.4.2 PN channel coding 1175.4.3 Time-hopping PPM UWB system 1195.5 UWB transmitter 1205.6 UWB receiver 1215.6.1 Detection 1225.6.2 Pulse integration 1235.6.3 Tracking 1235.6.4 Rake receivers 1235.7 Multiple access techniques in UWB 1235.7.1 Frequency division multiple access UWB 1245.7.2 Time division multiple access 1245.7.3 Code division multiple access 1245.7.4 Orthogonal pulse multiple access system 1245.8 Capacity of UWB systems 1255.9 Comparison of UWB with other wideband communication systems 1285.9.1 CDMA 1305.9.2 Comparison of UWB with DSSS and FHSS 1305.9.3 OFDM 1335.10 Interference and coexistence of UWB with other systems 1365.10.1 WLANs 1375.10.2 Bluetooth 1395.10.3 GPS 1405.10.4 Cellular systems 1415.10.5 Wi-Max 1415.10.6 The effect of narrowband interference on UWB systems 1435.11 Summary 1466 Advanced UWB pulse generation 1496.1 Hermite pulses 1496.1.1 Hermite polynomials 1506.1.2 Orthogonal modified Hermite pulses 1516.1.3 Modulated and modified Hermite pulses 1546.2 Orthogonal prolate spheroidal wave functions 1566.2.1 Introduction 1576.2.2 Fundamentals of PSWFs 1586.2.3 PSWF pulse generator 1616.3 Wavelet packets in UWB PSM 1666.3.1 PSM system model 1686.3.2 Receiver structure 1696.4 Summary 1707 UWB antennas and arrays 1737.1 Antenna fundamentals 1747.1.1 Maxwell’s equations for free space 1747.1.2 Wavelength 1767.1.3 Antenna duality 1767.1.4 Impedance matching 1767.1.5 Voltage standing wave ratio and reflected power 1777.1.6 Antenna bandwidth 1777.1.7 Directivity and gain 1777.1.8 Antenna field regions 1787.1.9 Antenna directional pattern 1787.1.10 Beamwidth 1807.2 Antenna radiation for UWB signals 1807.2.1 Dispersion due to near-field effects 1837.3 Suitability of conventional antennas for the UWB system 1847.3.1 Resonant antennas 1847.3.2 Nonresonant antennas 1877.3.3 Difficulties with UWB antenna design 1877.4 Impulse antennas 1887.4.1 Conical antenna 1887.4.2 Monopole antenna 1897.4.3 D-dot probe antenna 1907.4.4 TEM horn antenna 1907.4.5 Small-size UWB antenna 1917.4.6 Conclusion 1927.5 Beamforming for UWB signals 1927.5.1 Basic concepts 1937.5.2 A simple delay-line transmitter wideband array 1947.6 Radar UWB array systems 2017.7 Summary 2028 Position and location with UWB signals 2058.1 Wireless positioning and location 2058.1.1 Types of wireless positioning systems 2068.1.2 Wireless distance measurement 2068.1.3 Microwave positioning systems 2078.2 GPS techniques 2108.2.1 Differential GPS (DGPS) 2118.2.2 GPS tracking modes 2118.2.3 GPS error sources 2128.3 Positioning techniques 2138.3.1 Introduction 2138.3.2 Network-based techniques 2138.3.3 Handset-based techniques 2188.3.4 Hybrid techniques 2208.3.5 Other techniques 2208.4 Time resolution issues 2218.4.1 Narrowband systems 2218.4.2 Wideband systems 2218.4.3 Super-resolution techniques 2228.4.4 UWB systems 2258.5 UWB positioning and communications 2278.5.1 Potential user scenarios 2278.5.2 Potential applications 2278.6 Summary 2289 Applications using UWB systems 2319.1 Military applications 2319.1.1 Precision asset location system 2329.2 Commercial applications 2339.2.1 Time Domain 2349.2.2 XtremeSpectrum 2369.2.3 Intel Corporation 2369.2.4 Motorola 2379.2.5 Freescale 2379.2.6 Communication Research Laboratory 2389.2.7 General atomics 2389.2.8 Wisair 2399.2.9 Artimi 2399.2.10 Ubisense 2409.2.11 Home networking and home electronics 2409.2.12 PAL system 2429.3 UWB potentials in medicine 2439.3.1 Fundamentals of medical UWB radar 2469.3.2 UWB radar for remote monitoring of patient’s vital activities 2469.3.3 UWB respiratory monitoring system 2479.4 Summary 24910 UWB communication standards 25110.1 UWB standardization in wireless personal area networks 25110.1.1 WPAN standardization overview 25210.1.2 IEEE 802.15.3a 25310.1.3 IEEE 802.15.4a 25510.2 DS-UWB proposal 25510.2.1 DS-UWB operating bands 25610.2.2 Advantages of DS-UWB 25810.3 MB-OFDM UWB proposal 25810.3.1 Frequency band allocation 25910.3.2 Channelization 26010.3.3 Advantages of MB-OFDM UWB 26110.4 A short comment on the term ‘impulse radio’ 26110.5 Summary 26211 Advanced topics in UWB communication systems 26311.1 UWB ad-hoc networks 26311.1.1 Introduction 26311.1.2 Applications of an UWB ad-hoc network 26411.1.3 Technologies involved in UWB ad-hoc networks 26411.2 UWB sensor networks 26711.3 Multiple inputs multiple outputs and space-time coding for UWB systems 27011.4 Self-interference in high-data-rate UWB communications 27111.5 Coexistence of DS-UWB with Wi-Max 27511.5.1 Interference thresholds 27611.5.2 UWB signal model 27811.5.3 Interference model 27911.5.4 Interference scenario 28111.5.5 Some numerical results 28111.5.6 Conclusion 28211.6 Vehicular radars in the 22–29 GHz band 28311.6.1 Environment sensing for vehicular radar 28411.7 Summary 286References 287Index 297