Health Monitoring of Bridges

Helmut Wenzel, VCE Holding GmbH, PresidentHermut Wenzel has been intensively involved in the development of health monitoring systems since they began over 10 years ago. He has coordinated a major number of research projects in the field, which have been rated outstanding by the European Commission.? Currently he is the coordinator of the European Thematic Network on Structural Assessment Monitoring and Control, a project financed by the European Commission with over 3,5 million Euro funding. He has submitted over 120 papers in relevant conferences. He has been appointed as advisor to the European Commission on the 7th framework program with regard to research items in this field and he is currently elaborating the research agenda covering all these topics. He is a founding member of the International Society for Structural Health Monitoring and Intelligent Infrastructure (ISHMII), chairman of several working commissions on the subject and organiser of highly reputed structural health monitoring events.

• Figures. Tables.Foreword.List of Contributors.Preface.Acknowledgments.List of Abbreviations.1 Introduction and Motivation.1.1 Health Monitoring.1.2 Client Requirements and Motivation.2 Bridge Management and Health Monitoring.2.1 Bridge Management Philosophy.2.2 Structural Health Monitoring.2.3 Examples of Bridge Management Systems.2.4 Protection of Bridges against Man-Made and Natural Hazards.3 Bridge Rating and Risk Assessment.3.1 Inspection Rating.3.2 The BRIMOS® Rating.3.3 Probabilistic Approach in SHM.3.4 Risks from Natural Hazards.3.5 Vehicle and Ship Impact.3.6 Man-Made Hazards.4 Damage Detection and Assessment.4.1 Weak Point Detection and Fatigue Assessment.4.2 Condition Compensation in Frequency Analyses.4.3 Model Updating and System Identification.4.4 Performance Assessment (Damping, Time-Histories).4.5 Discussion of the SHM Axioms.4.6 Safety Assessment.5 Decision Support Systems.5.1 Decision Support Systems for SHM.5.2 Architecture.5.3 The Operation Modes.5.4 Monitoring System and Databases.5.5 Current Status of the System.5.6 Data Treatment.5.7 Data Storage.6 Lifetime Assessment of Bridges.6.1 Lifetime Assessment Procedure.6.2 Hot-Spot Detection.6.3 Statistical Pattern Recognition.6.4 Application Example: Steel Bridge.6.5 Ongoing Research and Development Projects.7 Bridge SHM Methodologies.7.1 Ambient Vibration Monitoring.7.2 Deflection and Displacement Monitoring.7.3 Fatigue Assessment by Monitoring.7.4 Corrosion, Carbonization, Chlorite Content.7.5 Load Transfers.7.6 Material Properties.8 The Business Case for SHM of Bridges.8.1 Incentives for SHM of Bridges.8.2 The Costs of SHM of Bridges.8.3 The Future of the SHM Business.8.4 Typical SHM Service Catalogue.9 Applications.9.1 Melk Bridge M6 Austria.9.2 Porr Bridge, Vienna, Austria.9.3 Warth Bridge, Austria.9.4 Putlitz Bridge, Berlin, Germany.9.5 Westend Bridge, Berlin, Germany.9.6 Neisse Viaduct, Zittau, Germany.9.7 Commodore John Barry Bridge, Delaware River, USA.9.8 Bridge BE 109/21, B¨utzberg, Switzerland.9.9 RAMA IX Bridge, Bangkok, Thailand.9.10 Titulcia Steel Bridge, Madrid, Spain.9.11 Széchenyi Bridge, Gyor, Hungary.9.12 ESK 551 Bridge, Bad Bevensen, Germany.9.13 The New Årsta Railway Bridge, Stockholm Sweden.9.14 The New Svinesund Bridge, Sweden.9.15 Bridge Z24, Koppigen–Utzenstorf, Switzerland.9.16 Roberval Bridge, Senlis, France.9.17 Saint-Jean Bridge, Bordeaux, France.9.18 Øresund Bridge, Denmark – Sweden.9.19 Ting Kau Bridge, Hong Kong, China.9.20 Skovdiget Bridge Columns, Denmark.9.21 Skovdiget Bridge Superstructure, Denmark.9.22 Bolshoj Moskvoretsky Bridge, Moscow, Russia.9.23 Versoix Bridge, Geneva, Switzerland.9.24 Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong, China.9.25 A14 Huntingdon Railway Viaduct, England.9.26 Highway Bridge BW91, Germany.9.27 Herrenbrücke, L¨ubeck, Germany.9.28 Pasir Panjang Semi-Expressway, Singapore.9.29 Pioneer Bridge, Singapore.9.30 Tuas Second Link, Singapore–Malaysia.9.31 Bridge I40, New Mexico, USA.9.32 Källösund Bridge, Goth Sweden.9.33 Europabrücke, Innsbruck, Austria.9.34 St. Marx Bridge, Vienna, Austria.9.35 Taichung Bridge, Taiwan.10 Feedback from Monitoring to Design.10.1 Realistic Loads.10.2 Environmental Conditions.10.3 Conservative Design.10.4 Designed-in Monitoring.11 Guideline and Recommendations for SHM.11.1 Introduction.11.2 Objectives and Outline of the Guideline.11.3 Analysis of Structural Responses.11.4 Diagnostics of Structures.11.5 Damage Identification.11.6 Qualifications of Test Personnel.11.7 Sensor Classification, Application and Experience.11.8 Traffic Load Identification on Bridges.11.9 Condition Monitoring of Heritage Buildings.11.10 Identification of Local Damage and the Effect on Structures.11.11 Damage Identification of a Steel Bridge by Dynamic Parameters.12 Glossary and Derivation Criteria for SHM of Bridges.12.1 Glossary of Terms Frequently Used.12.2 Mathematical Formulations in Dynamics.12.3 Wind-Induced Vibration of Bridges.