Dr. Ian F. Akyildiz is Ken Byers Distinguished Chair Professor in Telecommunications at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Director of the Broadband and Wireless Networking Laboratory. Current research interests are Sensor Networks, InterPlanetary Internet, Wireless Networks, Satellite Networks and Next Generation Internet. ?Ian has published over 200 journal and conference papers, is Editor-in-Chief of the Computer Networks and Ad Hoc Networks Journals (Elsevier), and an Editor for the ACM-Kluwer Journal of Wireless Networks. Ian is an IEEE Fellow (1996) with the citation: "For contributions to performance analysis of computer communication networks," and an ACM Fellow (1997) "for fundamental research contributions in: finite capacity queuing network models; performance evaluation of Time Warp parallel simulations; traffic Control in ATM networks, and mobility management in wireless networks". M. Can Vuran received his B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2002. He received his M.S. degree in electrical and computer engineering from the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, in 2004. He is currently a Research Assistant in the Broadband and Wireless Networking Laboratory and pursuing his Ph.D. degree at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology. His current research interests include cross-layer communication protocols for heterogeneous wireless architectures, wireless sensor networks, next generation wireless networks and deep space communication networks.

"It is intended for advanced students but also would be useful for researchers, system and chip designers, and other professionals in related fields." (Booknews, 1 February 2011) "The book is written in an accessible, textbook style, and includes problems and solutions to assist learning." (Dark Fiber, 8 February 2011)

• About the Series Editor xviiPreface xix1 Introduction 11.1 Sensor Mote Platforms 21.2 WSN Architecture and Protocol Stack 10References 152 WSN Applications 172.1 Military Applications 172.2 Environmental Applications 212.3 Health Applications 262.4 Home Applications 292.5 Industrial Applications 31References 333 Factors Influencing WSN Design 373.1 Hardware Constraints 373.2 Fault Tolerance 393.3 Scalability 403.4 Production Costs 403.5 WSN Topology 403.6 Transmission Media 413.7 Power Consumption 43References 494 Physical Layer 534.1 Physical Layer Technologies 534.2 Overview of RF Wireless Communication 574.3 Channel Coding (Error Control Coding) 594.4 Modulation 624.5 Wireless Channel Effects 664.6 PHY Layer Standards 72References 755 Medium Access Control 775.1 Challenges for MAC 775.2 CSMA Mechanism 805.3 Contention-Based Medium Access 835.4 Reservation-Based Medium Access 1035.5 Hybrid Medium Access 110References 1156 Error Control 1176.1 Classification of Error Control Schemes 1176.2 Error Control in WSNs 1206.3 Cross-layer Analysis Model 1236.4 Comparison of Error Control Schemes 131References 1377 Network Layer 1397.1 Challenges for Routing 1397.2 Data-centric and Flat-Architecture Protocols 1417.3 Hierarchical Protocols 1487.4 Geographical Routing Protocols 1527.5 QoS-Based Protocols 159References 1638 Transport Layer 1678.1 Challenges for Transport Layer 1678.2 Reliable Multi-Segment Transport (RMST) Protocol 1698.3 Pump Slowly, Fetch Quickly (PSFQ) Protocol 1718.4 Congestion Detection and Avoidance (CODA) Protocol 1758.5 Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport (ESRT) Protocol 1778.6 GARUDA 1808.7 Real-Time and Reliable Transport (RT)2 Protocol 185References 1899 Application Layer 1919.1 Source Coding (Data Compression) 1919.2 Query Processing 1959.3 Network Management 212References 21810 Cross-layer Solutions 22110.1 Interlayer Effects 22210.2 Cross-layer Interactions 22410.3 Cross-layer Module 229References 24011 Time Synchronization 24311.1 Challenges for Time Synchronization 24311.2 Network Time Protocol 24511.3 Definitions 24611.4 Timing-Sync Protocol for Sensor Networks (TPSN) 24811.5 Reference-Broadcast Synchronization (RBS) 25111.6 Adaptive Clock Synchronization (ACS) 25311.7 Time Diffusion Synchronization Protocol (TDP) 25411.8 Rate-Based Diffusion Protocol (RDP) 25711.9 Tiny- and Mini-Sync Protocols 25811.10 Other Protocols 260References 26212 Localization 26512.1 Challenges in Localization 26512.2 Ranging Techniques 26812.3 Range-Based Localization Protocols 27212.4 Range-Free Localization Protocols 280References 28413 Topology Management 28713.1 Deployment 28813.2 Power Control 28913.3 Activity Scheduling 29613.4 Clustering 308References 31714 Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks 31914.1 Characteristics of WSANs 32114.2 Sensor–Actor Coordination 32514.3 Actor–Actor Coordination 33714.4 WSAN Protocol Stack 345References 34815 Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks 34915.1 Design Challenges 35015.2 Network Architecture 35315.3 Multimedia Sensor Hardware 35715.4 Physical Layer 36515.5 MAC Layer 36715.6 Error Control 37115.7 Network Layer 37415.8 Transport Layer 37915.9 Application Layer 38315.10 Cross-layer Design 38815.11 Further Research Issues 392References 39416 Wireless Underwater Sensor Networks 39916.1 Design Challenges 40116.2 Underwater Sensor Network Components 40216.3 Communication Architecture 40516.4 Basics of Underwater Acoustic Propagation 40916.5 Physical Layer 41416.6 MAC Layer 41616.7 Network Layer 42616.8 Transport Layer 43516.9 Application Layer 43716.10 Cross-layer Design 437References 44017 Wireless Underground Sensor Networks 44317.1 Applications 44517.2 Design Challenges 44717.3 Network Architecture 45017.4 Underground Wireless Channel for EM Waves 45317.5 Underground Wireless Channel for Magnetic Induction 46317.6 Wireless Communication in Mines and Road/Subway Tunnels 46617.7 Communication Architecture 474References 48018 Grand Challenges 48318.1 Integration of Sensor Networks and the Internet 48318.2 Real-Time and Multimedia Communication 48418.3 Protocol Stack 48518.4 Synchronization and Localization 48518.5 WSNs in Challenging Environments 48618.6 Practical Considerations 48818.7 Wireless Nano-sensor Networks 488References 489Index 491

Dr. Ian F. Akyildiz is Ken Byers Distinguished Chair Professor in Telecommunications at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Director of the Broadband and Wireless Networking Laboratory. Current research interests are Sensor Networks, InterPlanetary Internet, Wireless Networks, Satellite Networks and Next Generation Internet. ?Ian has published over 200 journal and conference papers, is Editor-in-Chief of the Computer Networks and Ad Hoc Networks Journals (Elsevier), and an Editor for the ACM-Kluwer Journal of Wireless Networks. Ian is an IEEE Fellow (1996) with the citation: "For contributions to performance analysis of computer communication networks," and an ACM Fellow (1997) "for fundamental research contributions in: finite capacity queuing network models; performance evaluation of Time Warp parallel simulations; traffic Control in ATM networks, and mobility management in wireless networks". M. Can Vuran received his B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2002. He received his M.S. degree in electrical and computer engineering from the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, in 2004. He is currently a Research Assistant in the Broadband and Wireless Networking Laboratory and pursuing his Ph.D. degree at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology. His current research interests include cross-layer communication protocols for heterogeneous wireless architectures, wireless sensor networks, next generation wireless networks and deep space communication networks.

"It is intended for advanced students but also would be useful for researchers, system and chip designers, and other professionals in related fields." (Booknews, 1 February 2011) "The book is written in an accessible, textbook style, and includes problems and solutions to assist learning." (Dark Fiber, 8 February 2011)

• About the Series Editor xviiPreface xix1 Introduction 11.1 Sensor Mote Platforms 21.2 WSN Architecture and Protocol Stack 10References 152 WSN Applications 172.1 Military Applications 172.2 Environmental Applications 212.3 Health Applications 262.4 Home Applications 292.5 Industrial Applications 31References 333 Factors Influencing WSN Design 373.1 Hardware Constraints 373.2 Fault Tolerance 393.3 Scalability 403.4 Production Costs 403.5 WSN Topology 403.6 Transmission Media 413.7 Power Consumption 43References 494 Physical Layer 534.1 Physical Layer Technologies 534.2 Overview of RF Wireless Communication 574.3 Channel Coding (Error Control Coding) 594.4 Modulation 624.5 Wireless Channel Effects 664.6 PHY Layer Standards 72References 755 Medium Access Control 775.1 Challenges for MAC 775.2 CSMA Mechanism 805.3 Contention-Based Medium Access 835.4 Reservation-Based Medium Access 1035.5 Hybrid Medium Access 110References 1156 Error Control 1176.1 Classification of Error Control Schemes 1176.2 Error Control in WSNs 1206.3 Cross-layer Analysis Model 1236.4 Comparison of Error Control Schemes 131References 1377 Network Layer 1397.1 Challenges for Routing 1397.2 Data-centric and Flat-Architecture Protocols 1417.3 Hierarchical Protocols 1487.4 Geographical Routing Protocols 1527.5 QoS-Based Protocols 159References 1638 Transport Layer 1678.1 Challenges for Transport Layer 1678.2 Reliable Multi-Segment Transport (RMST) Protocol 1698.3 Pump Slowly, Fetch Quickly (PSFQ) Protocol 1718.4 Congestion Detection and Avoidance (CODA) Protocol 1758.5 Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport (ESRT) Protocol 1778.6 GARUDA 1808.7 Real-Time and Reliable Transport (RT)2 Protocol 185References 1899 Application Layer 1919.1 Source Coding (Data Compression) 1919.2 Query Processing 1959.3 Network Management 212References 21810 Cross-layer Solutions 22110.1 Interlayer Effects 22210.2 Cross-layer Interactions 22410.3 Cross-layer Module 229References 24011 Time Synchronization 24311.1 Challenges for Time Synchronization 24311.2 Network Time Protocol 24511.3 Definitions 24611.4 Timing-Sync Protocol for Sensor Networks (TPSN) 24811.5 Reference-Broadcast Synchronization (RBS) 25111.6 Adaptive Clock Synchronization (ACS) 25311.7 Time Diffusion Synchronization Protocol (TDP) 25411.8 Rate-Based Diffusion Protocol (RDP) 25711.9 Tiny- and Mini-Sync Protocols 25811.10 Other Protocols 260References 26212 Localization 26512.1 Challenges in Localization 26512.2 Ranging Techniques 26812.3 Range-Based Localization Protocols 27212.4 Range-Free Localization Protocols 280References 28413 Topology Management 28713.1 Deployment 28813.2 Power Control 28913.3 Activity Scheduling 29613.4 Clustering 308References 31714 Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks 31914.1 Characteristics of WSANs 32114.2 Sensor–Actor Coordination 32514.3 Actor–Actor Coordination 33714.4 WSAN Protocol Stack 345References 34815 Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks 34915.1 Design Challenges 35015.2 Network Architecture 35315.3 Multimedia Sensor Hardware 35715.4 Physical Layer 36515.5 MAC Layer 36715.6 Error Control 37115.7 Network Layer 37415.8 Transport Layer 37915.9 Application Layer 38315.10 Cross-layer Design 38815.11 Further Research Issues 392References 39416 Wireless Underwater Sensor Networks 39916.1 Design Challenges 40116.2 Underwater Sensor Network Components 40216.3 Communication Architecture 40516.4 Basics of Underwater Acoustic Propagation 40916.5 Physical Layer 41416.6 MAC Layer 41616.7 Network Layer 42616.8 Transport Layer 43516.9 Application Layer 43716.10 Cross-layer Design 437References 44017 Wireless Underground Sensor Networks 44317.1 Applications 44517.2 Design Challenges 44717.3 Network Architecture 45017.4 Underground Wireless Channel for EM Waves 45317.5 Underground Wireless Channel for Magnetic Induction 46317.6 Wireless Communication in Mines and Road/Subway Tunnels 46617.7 Communication Architecture 474References 48018 Grand Challenges 48318.1 Integration of Sensor Networks and the Internet 48318.2 Real-Time and Multimedia Communication 48418.3 Protocol Stack 48518.4 Synchronization and Localization 48518.5 WSNs in Challenging Environments 48618.6 Practical Considerations 48818.7 Wireless Nano-sensor Networks 488References 489Index 491

Dr. Ian F. Akyildiz is Ken Byers Distinguished Chair Professor in Telecommunications at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Director of the Broadband and Wireless Networking Laboratory. Current research interests are Sensor Networks, InterPlanetary Internet, Wireless Networks, Satellite Networks and Next Generation Internet. ?Ian has published over 200 journal and conference papers, is Editor-in-Chief of the Computer Networks and Ad Hoc Networks Journals (Elsevier), and an Editor for the ACM-Kluwer Journal of Wireless Networks. Ian is an IEEE Fellow (1996) with the citation: "For contributions to performance analysis of computer communication networks," and an ACM Fellow (1997) "for fundamental research contributions in: finite capacity queuing network models; performance evaluation of Time Warp parallel simulations; traffic Control in ATM networks, and mobility management in wireless networks". M. Can Vuran received his B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2002. He received his M.S. degree in electrical and computer engineering from the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, in 2004. He is currently a Research Assistant in the Broadband and Wireless Networking Laboratory and pursuing his Ph.D. degree at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology. His current research interests include cross-layer communication protocols for heterogeneous wireless architectures, wireless sensor networks, next generation wireless networks and deep space communication networks.

"It is intended for advanced students but also would be useful for researchers, system and chip designers, and other professionals in related fields." (Booknews, 1 February 2011) "The book is written in an accessible, textbook style, and includes problems and solutions to assist learning." (Dark Fiber, 8 February 2011)

• About the Series Editor xviiPreface xix1 Introduction 11.1 Sensor Mote Platforms 21.2 WSN Architecture and Protocol Stack 10References 152 WSN Applications 172.1 Military Applications 172.2 Environmental Applications 212.3 Health Applications 262.4 Home Applications 292.5 Industrial Applications 31References 333 Factors Influencing WSN Design 373.1 Hardware Constraints 373.2 Fault Tolerance 393.3 Scalability 403.4 Production Costs 403.5 WSN Topology 403.6 Transmission Media 413.7 Power Consumption 43References 494 Physical Layer 534.1 Physical Layer Technologies 534.2 Overview of RF Wireless Communication 574.3 Channel Coding (Error Control Coding) 594.4 Modulation 624.5 Wireless Channel Effects 664.6 PHY Layer Standards 72References 755 Medium Access Control 775.1 Challenges for MAC 775.2 CSMA Mechanism 805.3 Contention-Based Medium Access 835.4 Reservation-Based Medium Access 1035.5 Hybrid Medium Access 110References 1156 Error Control 1176.1 Classification of Error Control Schemes 1176.2 Error Control in WSNs 1206.3 Cross-layer Analysis Model 1236.4 Comparison of Error Control Schemes 131References 1377 Network Layer 1397.1 Challenges for Routing 1397.2 Data-centric and Flat-Architecture Protocols 1417.3 Hierarchical Protocols 1487.4 Geographical Routing Protocols 1527.5 QoS-Based Protocols 159References 1638 Transport Layer 1678.1 Challenges for Transport Layer 1678.2 Reliable Multi-Segment Transport (RMST) Protocol 1698.3 Pump Slowly, Fetch Quickly (PSFQ) Protocol 1718.4 Congestion Detection and Avoidance (CODA) Protocol 1758.5 Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport (ESRT) Protocol 1778.6 GARUDA 1808.7 Real-Time and Reliable Transport (RT)2 Protocol 185References 1899 Application Layer 1919.1 Source Coding (Data Compression) 1919.2 Query Processing 1959.3 Network Management 212References 21810 Cross-layer Solutions 22110.1 Interlayer Effects 22210.2 Cross-layer Interactions 22410.3 Cross-layer Module 229References 24011 Time Synchronization 24311.1 Challenges for Time Synchronization 24311.2 Network Time Protocol 24511.3 Definitions 24611.4 Timing-Sync Protocol for Sensor Networks (TPSN) 24811.5 Reference-Broadcast Synchronization (RBS) 25111.6 Adaptive Clock Synchronization (ACS) 25311.7 Time Diffusion Synchronization Protocol (TDP) 25411.8 Rate-Based Diffusion Protocol (RDP) 25711.9 Tiny- and Mini-Sync Protocols 25811.10 Other Protocols 260References 26212 Localization 26512.1 Challenges in Localization 26512.2 Ranging Techniques 26812.3 Range-Based Localization Protocols 27212.4 Range-Free Localization Protocols 280References 28413 Topology Management 28713.1 Deployment 28813.2 Power Control 28913.3 Activity Scheduling 29613.4 Clustering 308References 31714 Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks 31914.1 Characteristics of WSANs 32114.2 Sensor–Actor Coordination 32514.3 Actor–Actor Coordination 33714.4 WSAN Protocol Stack 345References 34815 Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks 34915.1 Design Challenges 35015.2 Network Architecture 35315.3 Multimedia Sensor Hardware 35715.4 Physical Layer 36515.5 MAC Layer 36715.6 Error Control 37115.7 Network Layer 37415.8 Transport Layer 37915.9 Application Layer 38315.10 Cross-layer Design 38815.11 Further Research Issues 392References 39416 Wireless Underwater Sensor Networks 39916.1 Design Challenges 40116.2 Underwater Sensor Network Components 40216.3 Communication Architecture 40516.4 Basics of Underwater Acoustic Propagation 40916.5 Physical Layer 41416.6 MAC Layer 41616.7 Network Layer 42616.8 Transport Layer 43516.9 Application Layer 43716.10 Cross-layer Design 437References 44017 Wireless Underground Sensor Networks 44317.1 Applications 44517.2 Design Challenges 44717.3 Network Architecture 45017.4 Underground Wireless Channel for EM Waves 45317.5 Underground Wireless Channel for Magnetic Induction 46317.6 Wireless Communication in Mines and Road/Subway Tunnels 46617.7 Communication Architecture 474References 48018 Grand Challenges 48318.1 Integration of Sensor Networks and the Internet 48318.2 Real-Time and Multimedia Communication 48418.3 Protocol Stack 48518.4 Synchronization and Localization 48518.5 WSNs in Challenging Environments 48618.6 Practical Considerations 48818.7 Wireless Nano-sensor Networks 488References 489Index 491