Dr. Andrew Kuntzman, is an associate professor of anatomy at Sinclair Community College in Dayton, Ohio.  He received the Ernest Boyer Award for Innovative Excellence in Teaching, Learning,and Technology at the Ninth International Conference on College Teaching and Learning.

• 1.ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY 11.1 Anatomy and Physiolo Defined 21.2 Levels of Organization and Body Systems 21.3 Life Processes 61.4 Homeostasis: Maintain Limits 81.5 Aging and Homeostasis 121.6 Anatomical Terms 121.7 Body Cavities 171.8 Medical Imaging 202 INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY 282.1 Introduction to Chemistry 292.2 Chemical Compounds and Life Processes 353 CELLS 473.1 A Generalized View of the Cell 483.2 Plasma Membrane 493.3 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 503.4 Cytoplasm 573.5 Nucleus 633.6 Gene Action: Protein Synthesis 643.7 Somatic Cell Division 683.8 Cancer 703.9 Aging and Cells 724 TISSUES 774.1 Types of Tissues 784.2 Cell Junctions 784.3 Epithelial Tissue 794.4 Connective Tissue 894.5 Membranes 1014.6 Musular Tissue 1024.7 Nervous Tissue 1044.8 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis 1054.9 Aging and Tissues 1065 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 1115.1 Structure of the Skin 1125.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 1185.3 Types of Skin 1235.4 Functions of the Skin 1245.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing 1255.6 Skin Conditions Important to Therapists 1275.7 Aging and the Integumentary System 1306.BONE TISSUE 1356.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System 1366.2 Structure of Bone 1366.3 Histology of Bone Tissue 1386.4 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 1416.5 Bone Formation 1426.6 Bone Growth 1456.7 Bones and Homeostasis 1476.8 Aging and Bone Tissue 1527 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:THE AXIAL SKELETON 1597.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System 1607.2 Types of Bones 1607.3 Bone Surface Markings 1627.4 Skull 1627.5 Hyoid Bone 1777.6 Vertebral Column 1777.7 Thorax 1867.8 Disorders of the Axial Skeleton 1898 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 1958.1 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 1968.2 Upper Limb (Extremity) 1998.3 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 2058.4 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 2098.5 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 2108.6 Lower Limb (Extremity) 2119 JOINTS 2219.1 Joint Classifications 2229.2 Fibrous Joints 2229.3 Cartilaginous Joints 2249.4 Synovial Joints 2259.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 2309.6 Selected Joints of the Body 2369.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 2519.8 Arthroplasty 2529.9 Aging and Joints 25310 MUSCULAR TISSUE 25710.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue 25810.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 25910.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 26310.4 Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 26810.5 Control of Muscle Tension 27010.6 Muscle Spasms 27310.7 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 27710.8 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 27710.9 Smooth Muscle Tissue 27810.10 Aging and Muscular Tissue 27911 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM: THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK 28411.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement 28511.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 28911.3 Principal Skeletal Muscles of the Head and Neck 28912 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM:THE MUSCLES OF THE TORSO 31613 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM:THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB 33614 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM: THE MUSCLES OF THE TORSO 31614.1 Introduction to the Muscles of the Lower Limb (Extremity) 37014.2 Muscle Interactions 39815 NERVOUS TISSUE 40315.1 Overview of the Nervous System 40415.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 40715.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 41315.4 Synaptic Transmission 41815.5 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue 42116 THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES 42616.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy 42716.2 Spinal Nerves 43016.3 Spinal Cord Physiology 44416.4 Traumatic Injuries of the Spinal Cord 45817 THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES 46317.1 The Brain 46417.2 Cranial Nerves 47717.3 Aging and the Nervous System 47918 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 48318.1 Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System 48418.2 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 48418.3 Structure of the Autonomic Nervous System 48618.4 Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System 49118.5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 49219 SOMATIC AND SPECIAL SENSES 49819.1 Overview of Sensations 49919.2 Somatic Senses 50019.3 Special Senses and Olfaction: Sense of Smell 50419.4 Gustation: Sense of Taste 50619.5 Vision 50719.6 Hearing and Equilibrium 51519.7 Aging and the Special Senses 52120 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 52720.1 Endocrine Glands 52820.2 Hormone Action 52820.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 53020.4 Thyroid Gland 53520.5 Parathyroid Glands 53820.6 Pancreatic Islets 53920.7 Adrenal Glands 54220.8 Ovaries and Testes 54520.9 Pineal Gland 54520.10 Other Hormones 54620.11 The Stress Response 54720.12 Aging and the Endocrine System 54721 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE BLOOD 55321.1 Functions of Blood 55421.2 Components of Whole Blood 55421.3 Hemostasis 56321.4 Blood Groups and Blood Types 56622 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART 57122.1 Structure and Organization of the Heart 57222.2 Blood Flow and Blood Supply of the Heart 57922.3 Conduction System of the Heart 58122.4 Electrocardiogram 58322.5 The Cardiac Cycle 58422.6 Cardiac Output 58622.7 Exercise and the Heart 59023 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS AND CIRCULATION 59423.1 Blood Vessel Structure and Function 59523.2 Blood Flow Through Blood Vessels 59923.3 Checking Circulation 60323.4 Circulatory Routes 60323.5 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 62024 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY 62724.1 Overview of Immunity 62824.2 Lymphatic System Structure and Function 62824.3 Innate Immunity 63424.4 Adaptive Immunity 63624.5 Aging and the Immune System 64525 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 65125.1 Overview of the Respiratory System 65225.2 Organs of the Respiratory System 65325.4 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 66425.5 Transport of Respiratory Gases 66725.6 Control of Respiration 66725.7 Exercise and the Respiratory System 67125.8 Aging and the Respiratory System 67126 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 67726.1 Overview of the Digestive System 67826.2 Layers of the GI Tract and the Peritoneum 67926.3 Mouth 68126.4 Pharynx and Esophagus 68326.5 Stomach 68526.6 Pancreas 68826.7 Liver and Gallbladder 68826.8 Small Intestine 69226.9 Large Intestine 69726.10 Phases of Digestion 70026.11 Aging and the Digestive System 70127 NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 70727.1 Nutrients 70827.2 Metabolism 71127.3 Metabolism and Body Heat 71928 THE URINARY SYSTEM 72628.1 Overview of the Urinary System 72728.2 Structure of the Kidneys 72828.3 Functions of the Nephron 73228.4 Transportation, Storage, and Elimination of Urine 73728.5 Aging and the Urinary System 73929.4 Female Reproductive Cycle 75929.5 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 76329 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 74429.1 Introduction to the Reproductive Systems 74529.2 Male Reproductive29.3 Female Reproductive System 752APPENDIX A: MEASUREMENTS A1B: PERIODIC TABLE B3C: ANSWERS C4GLOSSARY G1CREDITS CR1INDEX I1

Dr. Andrew Kuntzman, is an associate professor of anatomy at Sinclair Community College in Dayton, Ohio.  He received the Ernest Boyer Award for Innovative Excellence in Teaching, Learning,and Technology at the Ninth International Conference on College Teaching and Learning.

• 1.ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY 11.1 Anatomy and Physiolo Defined 21.2 Levels of Organization and Body Systems 21.3 Life Processes 61.4 Homeostasis: Maintain Limits 81.5 Aging and Homeostasis 121.6 Anatomical Terms 121.7 Body Cavities 171.8 Medical Imaging 202 INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY 282.1 Introduction to Chemistry 292.2 Chemical Compounds and Life Processes 353 CELLS 473.1 A Generalized View of the Cell 483.2 Plasma Membrane 493.3 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 503.4 Cytoplasm 573.5 Nucleus 633.6 Gene Action: Protein Synthesis 643.7 Somatic Cell Division 683.8 Cancer 703.9 Aging and Cells 724 TISSUES 774.1 Types of Tissues 784.2 Cell Junctions 784.3 Epithelial Tissue 794.4 Connective Tissue 894.5 Membranes 1014.6 Musular Tissue 1024.7 Nervous Tissue 1044.8 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis 1054.9 Aging and Tissues 1065 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 1115.1 Structure of the Skin 1125.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 1185.3 Types of Skin 1235.4 Functions of the Skin 1245.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing 1255.6 Skin Conditions Important to Therapists 1275.7 Aging and the Integumentary System 1306.BONE TISSUE 1356.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System 1366.2 Structure of Bone 1366.3 Histology of Bone Tissue 1386.4 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 1416.5 Bone Formation 1426.6 Bone Growth 1456.7 Bones and Homeostasis 1476.8 Aging and Bone Tissue 1527 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:THE AXIAL SKELETON 1597.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System 1607.2 Types of Bones 1607.3 Bone Surface Markings 1627.4 Skull 1627.5 Hyoid Bone 1777.6 Vertebral Column 1777.7 Thorax 1867.8 Disorders of the Axial Skeleton 1898 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 1958.1 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 1968.2 Upper Limb (Extremity) 1998.3 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 2058.4 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 2098.5 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 2108.6 Lower Limb (Extremity) 2119 JOINTS 2219.1 Joint Classifications 2229.2 Fibrous Joints 2229.3 Cartilaginous Joints 2249.4 Synovial Joints 2259.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 2309.6 Selected Joints of the Body 2369.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 2519.8 Arthroplasty 2529.9 Aging and Joints 25310 MUSCULAR TISSUE 25710.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue 25810.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 25910.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 26310.4 Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 26810.5 Control of Muscle Tension 27010.6 Muscle Spasms 27310.7 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 27710.8 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 27710.9 Smooth Muscle Tissue 27810.10 Aging and Muscular Tissue 27911 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM: THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK 28411.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement 28511.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 28911.3 Principal Skeletal Muscles of the Head and Neck 28912 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM:THE MUSCLES OF THE TORSO 31613 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM:THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB 33614 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM: THE MUSCLES OF THE TORSO 31614.1 Introduction to the Muscles of the Lower Limb (Extremity) 37014.2 Muscle Interactions 39815 NERVOUS TISSUE 40315.1 Overview of the Nervous System 40415.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 40715.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 41315.4 Synaptic Transmission 41815.5 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue 42116 THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES 42616.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy 42716.2 Spinal Nerves 43016.3 Spinal Cord Physiology 44416.4 Traumatic Injuries of the Spinal Cord 45817 THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES 46317.1 The Brain 46417.2 Cranial Nerves 47717.3 Aging and the Nervous System 47918 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 48318.1 Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System 48418.2 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 48418.3 Structure of the Autonomic Nervous System 48618.4 Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System 49118.5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 49219 SOMATIC AND SPECIAL SENSES 49819.1 Overview of Sensations 49919.2 Somatic Senses 50019.3 Special Senses and Olfaction: Sense of Smell 50419.4 Gustation: Sense of Taste 50619.5 Vision 50719.6 Hearing and Equilibrium 51519.7 Aging and the Special Senses 52120 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 52720.1 Endocrine Glands 52820.2 Hormone Action 52820.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 53020.4 Thyroid Gland 53520.5 Parathyroid Glands 53820.6 Pancreatic Islets 53920.7 Adrenal Glands 54220.8 Ovaries and Testes 54520.9 Pineal Gland 54520.10 Other Hormones 54620.11 The Stress Response 54720.12 Aging and the Endocrine System 54721 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE BLOOD 55321.1 Functions of Blood 55421.2 Components of Whole Blood 55421.3 Hemostasis 56321.4 Blood Groups and Blood Types 56622 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART 57122.1 Structure and Organization of the Heart 57222.2 Blood Flow and Blood Supply of the Heart 57922.3 Conduction System of the Heart 58122.4 Electrocardiogram 58322.5 The Cardiac Cycle 58422.6 Cardiac Output 58622.7 Exercise and the Heart 59023 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS AND CIRCULATION 59423.1 Blood Vessel Structure and Function 59523.2 Blood Flow Through Blood Vessels 59923.3 Checking Circulation 60323.4 Circulatory Routes 60323.5 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 62024 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY 62724.1 Overview of Immunity 62824.2 Lymphatic System Structure and Function 62824.3 Innate Immunity 63424.4 Adaptive Immunity 63624.5 Aging and the Immune System 64525 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 65125.1 Overview of the Respiratory System 65225.2 Organs of the Respiratory System 65325.4 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 66425.5 Transport of Respiratory Gases 66725.6 Control of Respiration 66725.7 Exercise and the Respiratory System 67125.8 Aging and the Respiratory System 67126 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 67726.1 Overview of the Digestive System 67826.2 Layers of the GI Tract and the Peritoneum 67926.3 Mouth 68126.4 Pharynx and Esophagus 68326.5 Stomach 68526.6 Pancreas 68826.7 Liver and Gallbladder 68826.8 Small Intestine 69226.9 Large Intestine 69726.10 Phases of Digestion 70026.11 Aging and the Digestive System 70127 NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 70727.1 Nutrients 70827.2 Metabolism 71127.3 Metabolism and Body Heat 71928 THE URINARY SYSTEM 72628.1 Overview of the Urinary System 72728.2 Structure of the Kidneys 72828.3 Functions of the Nephron 73228.4 Transportation, Storage, and Elimination of Urine 73728.5 Aging and the Urinary System 73929.4 Female Reproductive Cycle 75929.5 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 76329 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 74429.1 Introduction to the Reproductive Systems 74529.2 Male Reproductive29.3 Female Reproductive System 752APPENDIX A: MEASUREMENTS A1B: PERIODIC TABLE B3C: ANSWERS C4GLOSSARY G1CREDITS CR1INDEX I1

Dr. Andrew Kuntzman, is an associate professor of anatomy at Sinclair Community College in Dayton, Ohio.  He received the Ernest Boyer Award for Innovative Excellence in Teaching, Learning,and Technology at the Ninth International Conference on College Teaching and Learning.

• 1.ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY 11.1 Anatomy and Physiolo Defined 21.2 Levels of Organization and Body Systems 21.3 Life Processes 61.4 Homeostasis: Maintain Limits 81.5 Aging and Homeostasis 121.6 Anatomical Terms 121.7 Body Cavities 171.8 Medical Imaging 202 INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY 282.1 Introduction to Chemistry 292.2 Chemical Compounds and Life Processes 353 CELLS 473.1 A Generalized View of the Cell 483.2 Plasma Membrane 493.3 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 503.4 Cytoplasm 573.5 Nucleus 633.6 Gene Action: Protein Synthesis 643.7 Somatic Cell Division 683.8 Cancer 703.9 Aging and Cells 724 TISSUES 774.1 Types of Tissues 784.2 Cell Junctions 784.3 Epithelial Tissue 794.4 Connective Tissue 894.5 Membranes 1014.6 Musular Tissue 1024.7 Nervous Tissue 1044.8 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis 1054.9 Aging and Tissues 1065 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 1115.1 Structure of the Skin 1125.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 1185.3 Types of Skin 1235.4 Functions of the Skin 1245.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing 1255.6 Skin Conditions Important to Therapists 1275.7 Aging and the Integumentary System 1306.BONE TISSUE 1356.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System 1366.2 Structure of Bone 1366.3 Histology of Bone Tissue 1386.4 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 1416.5 Bone Formation 1426.6 Bone Growth 1456.7 Bones and Homeostasis 1476.8 Aging and Bone Tissue 1527 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:THE AXIAL SKELETON 1597.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System 1607.2 Types of Bones 1607.3 Bone Surface Markings 1627.4 Skull 1627.5 Hyoid Bone 1777.6 Vertebral Column 1777.7 Thorax 1867.8 Disorders of the Axial Skeleton 1898 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 1958.1 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 1968.2 Upper Limb (Extremity) 1998.3 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 2058.4 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 2098.5 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 2108.6 Lower Limb (Extremity) 2119 JOINTS 2219.1 Joint Classifications 2229.2 Fibrous Joints 2229.3 Cartilaginous Joints 2249.4 Synovial Joints 2259.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 2309.6 Selected Joints of the Body 2369.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 2519.8 Arthroplasty 2529.9 Aging and Joints 25310 MUSCULAR TISSUE 25710.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue 25810.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 25910.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 26310.4 Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 26810.5 Control of Muscle Tension 27010.6 Muscle Spasms 27310.7 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 27710.8 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 27710.9 Smooth Muscle Tissue 27810.10 Aging and Muscular Tissue 27911 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM: THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK 28411.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement 28511.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 28911.3 Principal Skeletal Muscles of the Head and Neck 28912 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM:THE MUSCLES OF THE TORSO 31613 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM:THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB 33614 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM: THE MUSCLES OF THE TORSO 31614.1 Introduction to the Muscles of the Lower Limb (Extremity) 37014.2 Muscle Interactions 39815 NERVOUS TISSUE 40315.1 Overview of the Nervous System 40415.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 40715.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 41315.4 Synaptic Transmission 41815.5 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue 42116 THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES 42616.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy 42716.2 Spinal Nerves 43016.3 Spinal Cord Physiology 44416.4 Traumatic Injuries of the Spinal Cord 45817 THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES 46317.1 The Brain 46417.2 Cranial Nerves 47717.3 Aging and the Nervous System 47918 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 48318.1 Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System 48418.2 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 48418.3 Structure of the Autonomic Nervous System 48618.4 Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System 49118.5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 49219 SOMATIC AND SPECIAL SENSES 49819.1 Overview of Sensations 49919.2 Somatic Senses 50019.3 Special Senses and Olfaction: Sense of Smell 50419.4 Gustation: Sense of Taste 50619.5 Vision 50719.6 Hearing and Equilibrium 51519.7 Aging and the Special Senses 52120 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 52720.1 Endocrine Glands 52820.2 Hormone Action 52820.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 53020.4 Thyroid Gland 53520.5 Parathyroid Glands 53820.6 Pancreatic Islets 53920.7 Adrenal Glands 54220.8 Ovaries and Testes 54520.9 Pineal Gland 54520.10 Other Hormones 54620.11 The Stress Response 54720.12 Aging and the Endocrine System 54721 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE BLOOD 55321.1 Functions of Blood 55421.2 Components of Whole Blood 55421.3 Hemostasis 56321.4 Blood Groups and Blood Types 56622 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART 57122.1 Structure and Organization of the Heart 57222.2 Blood Flow and Blood Supply of the Heart 57922.3 Conduction System of the Heart 58122.4 Electrocardiogram 58322.5 The Cardiac Cycle 58422.6 Cardiac Output 58622.7 Exercise and the Heart 59023 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS AND CIRCULATION 59423.1 Blood Vessel Structure and Function 59523.2 Blood Flow Through Blood Vessels 59923.3 Checking Circulation 60323.4 Circulatory Routes 60323.5 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 62024 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY 62724.1 Overview of Immunity 62824.2 Lymphatic System Structure and Function 62824.3 Innate Immunity 63424.4 Adaptive Immunity 63624.5 Aging and the Immune System 64525 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 65125.1 Overview of the Respiratory System 65225.2 Organs of the Respiratory System 65325.4 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 66425.5 Transport of Respiratory Gases 66725.6 Control of Respiration 66725.7 Exercise and the Respiratory System 67125.8 Aging and the Respiratory System 67126 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 67726.1 Overview of the Digestive System 67826.2 Layers of the GI Tract and the Peritoneum 67926.3 Mouth 68126.4 Pharynx and Esophagus 68326.5 Stomach 68526.6 Pancreas 68826.7 Liver and Gallbladder 68826.8 Small Intestine 69226.9 Large Intestine 69726.10 Phases of Digestion 70026.11 Aging and the Digestive System 70127 NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 70727.1 Nutrients 70827.2 Metabolism 71127.3 Metabolism and Body Heat 71928 THE URINARY SYSTEM 72628.1 Overview of the Urinary System 72728.2 Structure of the Kidneys 72828.3 Functions of the Nephron 73228.4 Transportation, Storage, and Elimination of Urine 73728.5 Aging and the Urinary System 73929.4 Female Reproductive Cycle 75929.5 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 76329 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 74429.1 Introduction to the Reproductive Systems 74529.2 Male Reproductive29.3 Female Reproductive System 752APPENDIX A: MEASUREMENTS A1B: PERIODIC TABLE B3C: ANSWERS C4GLOSSARY G1CREDITS CR1INDEX I1