Colorimetry

Noboru Ohta earned his B.Sci., and Dr.Eng.from the University of Tokyo. In 1968, he joined Fuji Photo Film and From 1973, he spend three y ears under Gunter Wyszecki at the National Research Council of Canada.He has taught colorimetry and color reproduction at a variety of universities. he joined Rochester Institute of Technology in 1998, and is associated there with the Munsell Color Science Laboratory in the Center for Imaging Science.He has published more than 100 technical paper sin Japanese and English, and several books on colorimetry and color reproduction in Japanese, Chinese, and Korean. He has been active in a variety of academic societies, and also in standards organizations such as the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the International Commission on Illumination (CIE). Alan Robertson earned his B.Sc and Ph.D. from the University of London, where he studied under David Wright. He then joined Gunter Wyszecki at the National Research Council of Canada and Spent 35 years there before retiring in 2000. He has published over 50 papers in journals and conference proceedings and has given more than 60 invited talks in 10 countries. He is former President of the international Color Association (AIC) and Vice President of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE). In 2005, he received the Godlove Award of the Inter-Society Color Council (ISCC) for long-term contributions in the field of color.

"This volume will be a useful addition to academic libraries and will be indispensible for basic and clinical researchers in this growing field." (E-Streams, June 2008) "…a systematic and unambiguous exposition of how color is defined, measured, and seen by humans under different viewing conditions…highly recommended." (CHOICE, June 2006)

• About the Authors ixSeries Preface xiPreface xiiiIntroduction xv1 Light, Vision and Photometry 11.1 Light 11.2 Mechanism of the Human Eye 41.3 Adaptation and Responsivity of the Human Eye 71.4 Spectral Responsivity and the Standard Photometric Observer 91.5 Definition of Photometric Quantities 171.6 Photometric Units 211.7 Calculation and Measurement of Photometric Quantities 261.8 Relations Between Photometric Quantities 31Note 1.1 Luminous Exitance, Illuminance, and Luminance of a Perfect Diffusing Plane Light Source 34Note 1.2 Luminance and Brightness 362 Color Vision and Color Specification Systems 392.1 Mechanism of Color Vision 392.2 Chemistry of Color Vision 462.3 Color Specification and Terminology 482.4 Munsell Color System 522.5 Color System Using Additive Color Mixing 57Note 2.1 Colorfulness, Chroma and Saturation 613 CIE Standard Colorimetric System 633.1 RGB Color Specification System 633.2 Conversion into XYZ Color Specification System 683.3 X10Y10Z10 Color Specification System 713.4 Tristimulus Values and Chromaticity Coordinates 743.5 Metamerism 763.6 Dominant Wavelength and Purity 783.7 Color Temperature and Correlated Color Temperature 823.8 Illuminants and Light Sources 853.9 Standard and Supplementary Illuminants 92Note 3.1 Derivation of Color Matching Functions from Guild and Wright’s Results 96Note 3.2 Conversion between Color Specification Systems 99Note 3.3 Conversion into XYZ Color Specification System 101Note 3.4 Imaginary Colors [X] and [Z] 105Note 3.5 Photometric Quantities in the X 10 Y 10 Z 10 Color System 108Note 3.6 Origin of the Term ‘Metamerism’ 109Note 3.7 Simple Methods for Obtaining Correlated Color Temperature 110Note 3.8 Color Temperature Conversion Filter 111Note 3.9 Spectral Distribution of Black-body Radiation 1134 Uniform Color Spaces 1154.1 Uniform Chromaticity Diagrams 1154.2 Uniform Lightness Scales (ULS) 1224.3 CIE Uniform Color Spaces 1274.4 Correlates of Perceived Attributes 1324.5 Comparing CIELAB and CIELUV Color Spaces 1344.6 Conversion of Color Difference 1404.7 Color Difference Equations Based on CIELAB 143Note 4.1 Calculation of Munsell Value V from Luminous Reflectance Y 144Note 4.2 Modified CIELAB and CIELUV Equations for Dark Colors 146Note 4.3 Other Color Difference Formulas 147Note 4.4 Direct Calculation of Hue Difference ΔH* 1505 Measurement and Calculation of Colorimetric Values 1535.1 Direct Measurement of Tristimulus Values 1535.2 Spectral Colorimetry 1565.3 Geometrical Conditions for Measurement 1585.4 Calculation of Colorimetric Values 1615.5 Colorimetric Values in CIELAB and CIELUV Uniform Color Spaces 167Note 5.1 Spectral Colorimetry of Fluorescent Materials 172Note 5.2 Reference Standard for Reflection Measurements 1736 Evolution of CIE Standard Colorimetric System 1756.1 Additive Mixing 1766.2 Subtractive Mixing 1806.3 Maximum Value of Luminous Efficacy and Optimal Colors 1846.4 Chromatic Adaptation Process 1886.5 von Kries’ Predictive Equation for Chromatic Adaptation 1916.6 CIE Predictive Equations for Chromatic Adaptation 1946.7 Color Vision Models 1976.8 Color Appearance Models 1986.9 Analysis of Metamerism 204Note 6.1 Color Mixing Rule 211Note 6.2 Lambert–Beer Law 213Note 6.3 Method for Calculating the Maximum Value of the Luminous Efficacy of Radiation 214Note 6.4 Method for Calculating Optimal Colors 215Note 6.5 Method for Obtaining Fundamental Spectral Responsivities 216Note 6.6 Deducing von Kries’ Predictive Equation for Chromatic Adaptation 221Note 6.7 Application of von Kries’ Equation for Chromatic Adaptation 223Note 6.8 Application of CIE 1994 Chromatic Adaptation Transform 225Note 6.9 Theoretical Limits for Deviation from Metamerism 2267 Application of CIE Standard Colorimetric System 2297.1 Evaluation of the Color Rendering Properties of Light Sources 2297.2 Evaluation of the Spectral Distribution of Daylight Simulators 2377.3 Evaluation of Whiteness 2427.4 Evaluation of Degree of Metamerism for Change of Illuminant 2447.5 Evaluation of Degree of Metamerism for Change of Observer 2497.6 Designing Spectral Distributions of Illuminants 2557.7 Computer Color Matching 261Note 7.1 Computation Method for Prescribed Spectral Distributions 268Appendix I Basic Units and Terms 271AI.1 SI Units 271AI.2 Prefixes for SI Units 272AI.3 Fundamental Constants 272AI.4 Greek Letters 272Appendix II Matrix Algebra 275AII.1 Addition and Subtraction of Matrices 276AII.2 Multiplication of Matrices 277AII.3 Inverse Matrix 277AII.4 Transpose Matrix 278Appendix III Partial Derivatives 281Appendix IV Tables 285References 321Bibliography 327Index 329