Wireless Sensor Networks

Jun Zheng, PhD, is a Professor with the School of Information Science and Engineering of the Southeast University, China. He has been involved in extensive research and development in the field of telecommunications engineering for many years. He is a technical editor of IEEE Communications Magazine and the online magazine IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. He has coauthored one book and has published a number of technical papers in refereed journals, magazines, and conference proceedings. An award-winning scientist in the communications technology field, Dr. Zheng is a senior member of the IEEE. Abbas Jamalipour, PhD, is a Professor of Wireless Networking at the University of Sydney, Australia, where he is responsible for teaching and research in wireless data communication networks, wireless IP networks, network security, and cellular communications. He is the Editor in Chief of the IEEE Wireless Communications and technical editor of IEEE Communications Magazine and the International Journal of Communication Science. Dr. Jamalipour has authored or coauthored a dozen books and has published more than 190 papers in major journals and international conferences. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and Engineers Australia, as well as an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer.

• Preface xxiiiAcknowledgments xxvAbout the Editors xxviiContributors xxix1. Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 1Jun Zheng and Abbas Jamalipour1.1 Overview of Wireless Sensor Networks 11.1.1 Network Characteristics 21.1.2 Network Applications 31.1.3 Network Design Objectives 61.1.4 Network Design Challenges 71.2 Technological Background 81.2.1 MEMS Technology 91.2.2 Wireless Communication Technology 91.2.3 Hardware and Software Platforms 101.2.4 Wireless Sensor Network Standards 121.3 Features of This Book 151.4 Organization of This Book 15References 162. Network Architectures and Protocol Stack 19Jun Zheng2.1 Introduction 192.2 Network Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks 202.2.1 Sensor Node Structure 202.2.2 Network Architectures 212.3 Classifications of Wireless Sensor Networks 242.4 Protocol Stack for Wireless Sensor Networks 262.4.1 Application Layer 282.4.2 Transport Layer 282.4.3 Network Layer 292.4.4 Data Link Layer 292.4.5 Physical Layer 302.5 Summary 31References 313. Medium Access Control 35Jun Zheng3.1 Introduction 353.2 Fundamental MAC Protocols 363.2.1 Contention-Based MAC Protocols 363.2.2 Contention-Free MAC Protocols 383.3 MAC Design for Wireless Sensor Networks 393.3.1 Network Characteristics 393.3.2 Objectives of MAC Design 403.3.3 Energy Efficiency in MAC Design 413.4 MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks 423.4.1 Contention-Based Protocols 423.4.2 Contention-Free Protocols 533.4.3 Hybrid Protocols 583.5 Summary and Future Directions 61References 624. Routing and Data Dissemination 67Sajal K. Das and Habib M. Ammari4.1 Introduction 674.2 Fundamentals and Challenges 684.2.1 Fundamentals 684.2.2 Challenges 714.3 Taxonomy of Routing and Data Dissemination Protocols 734.3.1 Location Information 744.3.2 Network Layering and In-Network Processing 744.3.3 Data Centricity 754.3.4 Path Redundancy 754.3.5 Network Dynamics 764.3.6 Quality of Service Requirements 764.3.7 Network Heterogeneity 774.4 Overview of Routing and Data Dissemination Protocols 774.4.1 Location-Aided Protocols 784.4.2 Layered and In-Network Processing-Based Protocols 874.4.3 Data-Centric Protocols 934.4.4 Multipath-Based Protocols 1094.4.5 Mobility-Based Protocols 1134.4.6 QoS Based Protocols 1234.4.7 Heterogeneity-Based Protocols 1294.4.8 Comparisons 1364.5 Summary and Future Directions 137References 1395. Broadcasting, Multicasting, and Geocasting 145Baoxian Zhang and Guoliang Xue5.1 Introduction 1455.2 Concepts and Major Challenges 1465.2.1 Basic Concepts 1465.2.2 Design Guidelines and Challenges 1475.3 Broadcasting Mechanisms 1495.3.1 Simple Broadcasting Mechanisms 1495.3.2 Neighborhood-Aware Broadcasting Mechanisms 1505.3.3 Location-Aided Broadcasting Mechanisms 1535.3.4 Energy-Efficient Broadcasting Mechanisms 1565.3.5 Reliable Broadcasting Mechanisms 1585.4 Multicasting Mechanisms 1605.4.1 Tree-Based Multicasting Mechanisms 1615.4.2 Location-Based Multicasting Mechanisms 1625.5 Geocasting Mechanisms 1645.5.1 Nonguaranteed Geocasting Mechanisms 1645.5.2 Guaranteed Geocasting Mechanisms 1665.6 Summary and Future Directions 167Acknowledgments 168References 1696. Node Clustering 173Chao Zhang, Edwin Hou, and Nirwan Ansari6.1 Introduction 1736.1.1 Wireless Sensor Network Architectures 1746.1.2 Node Clustering Structures 1786.2 Node Clustering Algorithms 1806.2.1 Cluster-Head Election Algorithms 1816.2.2 Node Clustering Algorithms in Ad Hoc Networks 1836.3 Node Clustering Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks 1886.3.1 Specialties for Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks 1886.3.2 Passive Clustering for Efficient Flooding 1896.3.3 Energy-Efficient Adaptive Clustering 1936.3.4 Energy-Efficient Distributed Clustering 1956.3.5 Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Clustering 1966.3.6 Algorithm for Cluster Establishment 2016.3.7 Secure Clustering 2036.4 Summary and Future Directions 208References 2097. Query Processing and Data Aggregation 215Torsha Banerjee and Dharma P. Agrawal7.1 Introduction 2157.2 Query Processing in Wireless Sensor Networks 2177.2.1 Query Characteristics 2177.2.2 Challenges in Query Processing 2207.2.3 Sensor Selection for Query Processing 2217.2.4 Query Processing Techniques 2227.2.5 Snapshot Querying 2257.3 Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks 2297.3.1 Challenges in Data Aggregation 2297.3.2 Data Aggregation Techniques 2307.4 Summary and Future Directions 239References 2408. Node Localization 243Nayef A. Alsindi and Kaveh Pahlavan8.1 Introduction 2438.2 Concepts and Challenges of Node Localization Technologies 2448.2.1 Evolution of Localization Technologies 2448.2.2 Localization Systems 2458.2.3 Challenges of Node Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks 2478.3 Ranging Techniques for Wireless Sensor Networks 2488.3.1 TOA Based Ranging 2498.3.2 RSS Based Ranging 2548.4 Wireless Localization Algorithms 2578.4.1 Background 2588.4.2 Geometrical Triangulation Techniques 2588.4.3 Pattern Recognition Techniques 2628.5 Wireless Sensor Node Localization 2628.5.1 Cooperative Localization 2638.5.2 Centralized Localization Algorithms 2678.5.3 Distributed Localization Algorithms 2698.6 Summary and Future Directions 279References 2809. Time Synchronization 285Fikret Sivrikaya and Bülent Yener9.1 Introduction 2859.1.1 Computer Clocks and the Synchronization Problem 2869.1.2 Common Challenges for Synchronization Methods 2879.2 Need for Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks 2889.3 Requirements of Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks 2899.4 Synchronization Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks 2909.4.1 Synchronization Primitives 2909.4.2 Multihop Synchronization 2959.4.3 Long-Term Synchronization 2999.4.4 Other Protocols and Relevant Work 3029.5 Summary and Future Directions 303References 30510. Energy Efficiency and Power Control 307Nikolaos A. Pantazis and Dimitrios D. Vergados10.1 Introduction 30710.2 Need for Energy Efficiency and Power Control in Wireless Sensor Networks 30810.2.1 Power Consumption in Sensor Nodes 30810.2.2 Power Control at Different Protocol Layers 31110.2.3 Classification of Power Conservation Mechanisms for Wireless Sensor Networks 31310.3 Passive Power Conservation Mechanisms 31410.3.1 Physical-Layer Power Conservation Mechanisms 31410.3.2 MAC Layer Power Conservation Mechanisms 31810.3.3 Higher Layer Power Conservation Mechanisms 32010.4 Active Power Conservation Mechanisms 32710.4.1 MAC Layer Mechanisms 32710.4.2 Network Layer Mechanisms 33110.4.3 Transport Layer Mechanisms 33510.5 Summary 337References 33711. Transport Protocols and Quality of Service 343Chonggang Wang, Bo Li, and Kazem Sohraby11.1 Introduction 34311.2 Traditional Transport Protocols 34611.2.1 Principles of Traditional Transport Protocols 34611.2.2 Disadvantages of TCP and UDP 34711.3 Transport Protocol Design for Wireless Sensor Networks 34911.3.1 Performance Metrics 34911.3.2 Congestion Control 35111.3.3 Loss Recovery 35311.3.4 Design Guidelines 35511.4 Transport Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks 35611.4.1 Protocols for Congestion Control 35611.4.2 Protocols for Reliability 36011.4.3 Protocols for Congestion Control and Reliability 36311.4.4 Open Problems 36511.5 Summary and Future Directions 366References 36612. Network Security and Attack Defense 369Yun Zhou and Yuguang Fang12.1 Introduction 36912.2 Confidentiality 37012.2.1 Eavesdropping 37112.2.2 Node Compromise 37112.2.3 Encryption 37212.2.4 Privacy 37312.3 Integrity 37412.3.1 Transmission Errors 37412.3.2 Processing Errors 37512.3.3 Packet Modifications 37512.3.4 Error Control 37512.3.5 Message Integrity Code 37612.4 Authenticity 37612.4.1 Packet Injection 37612.4.2 Message Authentication Code 37612.4.3 Challenge Response 37712.4.4 Signature 37712.4.5 Man-in-the-Middle 37712.4.6 Authenticating Public Key 37812.4.7 Broadcast and Multicast Authentication 38012.5 Nonrepudiation 38412.6 Freshness 38512.6.1 Packet Replaying 38512.6.2 Timestamp 38612.7 Availability 38612.7.1 Selective Forwarding 38712.7.2 Radio Jamming 38712.7.3 Multipath Routing 38712.7.4 False Reports 38812.7.5 Node Replication 38912.8 Intrusion Detection 39012.9 Key Management 39112.9.1 Symmetric Key Management 39112.9.2 Asymmetric Key Management 39812.9.3 Group Key Management 39912.10 Summary 400Acknowledgments 400References 40013. Sensor Network Standards 407Stefano Chessa13.1 Introduction 40713.2 IEEE 802.15.4 Standard 40813.2.1 Overview of the MAC Layer 40913.2.2 Channel Access 41013.2.3 Data-Transfer Models 41113.2.4 MAC Layer Services 41413.2.5 Security 41713.3 ZigBee Standard 41813.3.1 Network Layer 41813.3.2 Application Layer 42613.3.3 Security in ZigBee 43013.4 Summary 430References 43114. Future Trends in Wireless Sensor Networks 433Mehmet Can Vuran, Dario Pompili, and Tommaso Melodia14.1 Introduction 43314.2 Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks 43414.2.1 Applications of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks 43614.2.2 Design of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks 43714.2.3 Ultra-Wideband Technology 43914.2.4 Cross-Layer Design 44114.3 Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks 44314.3.1 Applications of Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks 44414.3.2 Sensor and Actor Coordination 44514.4 Sensor Network Applications in Challenging Environments 44814.4.1 Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks 44814.4.2 Wireless Underground Sensor Networks 45314.5 Cross-Layer Design for Wireless Sensor Networks 45614.5.1 Cross-Layer Resource Allocation 45714.5.2 Pairwise Cross-Layer Protocols 46014.5.3 Cross-Layer Module Design 46314.5.4 Precautionary Guidelines and Open Research Problems 46414.6 Summary 466Acknowledgments 466References 466Index 471