Molecules and Medicine

E. J. Corey has been a Professor at Harvard University since 1959. He was educated at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1945-1950) and served as a faculty member at the University of Illinois from1951 to 1959. He is the 1990 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, and the recipient of over seventy international awards and honorary degrees, including the U.S. National Medal of Science, the Japan Prize in Science, and the Priestley Medal of the American Chemical Society. He is amember of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. National Institute of Medicine. Professor Corey is the author of more than 1,000 publications and is one of the most cited authors in science. Barbara Czakó completed undergraduate studies at the University of Debrecen, Hungary, where she worked with Dr. Sándor Berényi. She obtained a Master of Science degree at the University of Missouri-Columbia with Professor Shon R. Pulley. Dr. Czakó received her Ph.D. degree (2006) in synthetic organic chemistry under the guidance of Professor Gary A. Molander at the University of Pennsylvania. Currently she is a postdoctoral fellow with Professor E.J. Corey at Harvard University. In 2005 she published with László Kürti the textbook Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis.László Kürti was born and raised in Hungary. He received his diploma from the University of Debrecen, Hungary, where he conducted research in the laboratory of Professor Sándor Antus. Subsequently he received his Master of Science degree at the University of Missouri-Columbia working with Professor Michael Harmata, and his Ph.D. degree (2006) in synthetic organic chemistry under the supervision of Professor Amos B. Smith III (the University of Pennsylvania). Currently he is a Damon Runyon Cancer Fellow in the group of Professor E.J. Corey at Harvard University. In 2005 he published with Barbara Czakó the textbook Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis.

“Molecules and Medicine is a fascinating introduction to the convergence of chemistry and physiology, and to the emergence of the science of molecular medicine.” (The Nucleus, January 2010) "An interesting and valuable read … .This book is intended for a wide audience and contains much that will engage the specialist and general reader alike." (Chemistry World, July 2008)"...a joy to read...will inspire the field...not only reports on a scientific subject but also creates new dimensions. Bravo to authors Corey, Czako, and Kurti." (Chemical & Engineering News, September 17, 2007)

• Part I.Introduction 2Understanding Structural Diagrams of Organic Molecules 4Some Common Molecules 23Proteins and Three-Dimensional Protein Structure 26Some of the Protein Structures That Appear in This Book 32Part II. Inflammatory, Cardiovascular and Metabolic DiseasesAnti-Inflammatory AgentsAcetylsalicylic acid (AspirinTM) 38Naproxen (AleveTM) 39How Do Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Work? 40Other Eicosanoids in Inflammation 41An Overview of Inflammation 42Celecoxib (CelebrexTM) 43Prednisone (DeltasoneTM) 44Methotrexate (TrexallTM) 46Allopurinol (ZyloprimTM) 47Antiasthmatic and Antiallergic AgentsSalmeterol (SereventTM) 50Fluticasone Propionate (FloventTM) 51Montelukast Sodium (SingulairTM) 52Tiotropium Bromide (SpirivaTM) 53Loratadine (ClaritinTM) 54Type 2 DiabetesAn Overview of Metabolic Syndrome 56Antidiabetic and Cholesterol-Lowering AgentsMetformin (GlucophageTM) 60Glipizide (GlucotrolTM) 61Pioglitazone (ActosTM) 62Sitagliptin (JanuviaTM) 63Atorvastatin (LipitorTM) 64Ezetimibe (ZetiaTM) 65Cardiovascular AgentsAtenolol (TenorminTM) 68Enalapril (VasotecTM) 69Candesartan Cilexetil (AtacandTM) 70Aliskiren (TekturnaTM) 71Amlodipine (NorvascTM) 72Nitroglycerin 73Clopidogrel Bisulfate (PlavixTM) 74Digoxin (LanoxinTM) 75Receptors and SignalingInformation Flow into the Cell by Chemical Signaling 78References for Part II 80Part III. Reproductive MedicineOral Contraceptives 90Testosterone 91Mifepristone (MifeprexTM) 92Oxytocin (OxytocinTM) 93Sildenafil (ViagraTM) 94OsteoporosisSome Aspects of Osteoporosis 96Alendronate (FosamaxTM) 97Calcitriol (RocaltrolTM) 98Raloxifene (EvistaTM) 99Teriparatide (ForteoTM) 100Glaucoma and Antiulcer AgentsLatanoprost (XalatanTM) 102Ranitidine (ZantacTM) 103Omeprazole (PrilosecTM) 104References for Part III 105Part IV.  Autoimmune Disease and Organ TransplantA Brief Survey of the Immune System 112Immunosuppressive AgentsAzathioprine (ImuranTM) 122Mycophenolate Mofetil (CeIlCeptTM) 123Cyclosporin (NeoralTM) 124Tacrolimus (PrografTM) 125FTY720 (Fingolimod) 126Infectious DiseasesAntibioticsAmoxicillin (AmoxilTM) 130Cefaclor (CeclorTM) 132Doxycycline (VibramycinTM) 133Azithromycin (ZithromaxTM) 134Ciprofloxacin (CiproTM) 135Trimethoprim (TriprimTM) 136Amikacin (AmikinTM) 137Vancomycin (VancocinTM) 138Linezolid (ZyvoxTM) 139Isoniazid (LaniazidTM) 140Ancillary Antibiotics 142Drug Resistance 143Antiviral AgentsOn Viruses and Viral Diseases 146Acyclovir (ZoviraxTM) 148Ribavirin (VirazoleTM) 149Oseltamivir (TamifluTM) 150Zidovudine (Retrovir, AZTTM) 151Zalcitabine (HividTM) 152Nevirapine (ViramuneTM) 153Efavirenz (SustivaTM) 154Lopinavir + Ritonavir (KaletraTM) 155UK427857 (Maraviroc) 156Antifungal AgentsAmphotericin (FungizoneTM) 160Fluconazole (DiflucanTM) 161Caspofungin (CancidasTM) 162Terbinafine (LamisilTM) 163Antimalarial and Antiparasitic AgentsParasitic Diseases: A Focus on Malaria 166Chloroquine (ArdenTM) 167Artemether + Lumefantrine (CoArtemTM) 168Atovaquone + Proguanil (MalaroneTM) 169Miltefosine (I mpavidoTM) 170Nitazoxanide (AliniaTM) 171Ivermectin (StromectolTM) 172References for Part IV 173Part V. Malignant DiseaseAn Overview of Cancer 184Capecitabine (XelodaTM) 187Carboplatin (ParaplatinTM) 188Vinblastine (VelbanTM) 189Paclitaxel (TaxolTM) 190Cyclophosphamide (CytoxanTM) 191Tamoxifen (NolvadexTM) 192Irinotecan (CamptosarTM) 193Bleomycin (BlenoxaneTM) 194Imatinib (GleevecTM) 195Sunitinib (SutentTM) 196Bortezomib (VelcadeTM) 197Ancillary Anticancer Agents 198References for Part V 200Part VI. Drugs Acting on the Nervous SystemPain and AnalgesiaLidocaine (XylocaineTM) 208Morphine (AvinzaTM) 209Acetaminophen (Tylenol TM) 210Fentanyl (DuragesicTM) 211Sodium Thiopental (Sodium PentothalTM) 212Gabapentin (NeurontinTM) 213Diazepam (ValiumTM) 214Sumatriptan (ImitrexTM) 215Hypnotics (Insomnia) and AntismokingZolpidem (AmbienTM) 218Ramelteon (RozeremTM) 219Varenicline (ChantixTM) 220The Brain, Neurotransmission and Molecular Neurotransmitters 221Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric DiseasesLevodopa (LarodopaTM) 224Donepezil (AriceptTM) 225Antiepileptic Agents 226Antianxiety Agents 228Antidepressants 229Antipsychotics 232References for Part VI 233Glossary 237Index 249