PRAMOD KULKARNI DSc, is a Physical Scientist, Senior Service Fellow, at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and an Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Environmental Engineering and Science Program at the University of Cincinnati. The late PAUL A. BARON PhD, was a Physical Scientist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.KLAUS WILLEKE PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Environmental Health at the University of Cincinnati.

"Specialists provide a comprehensive reference on instrumentation and methods for measuring aerosol." (Book News, 1 August 2011)

• Preface xiContributors xiiiPart I Principles1 Introduction to Aerosol Characterization 3Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, and Klaus Willeke2 Fundamentals of Single Particle Transport 15Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, and Klaus Willeke3 Physical and Chemical Processes in Aerosol Systems 31William C. Hinds4 Size Distribution Characteristics of Aerosols 41Walter John5 An Approach to Performing Aerosol Measurements 55Pramod Kulkarni and Paul A. BaronPart II Techniques6 Aerosol Transport in Sampling Lines and Inlets 69John E. Brockmann7 Sampling and Analysis Using Filters 107Peter C. Raynor, David Leith, K. W. Lee, and R. Mukund8 Sampling and Measurement Using Inertial, Gravitational, Centrifugal, and Thermal Techniques 129Virgil A. Marple and Bernard A. Olson9 Methods for Chemical Analysis of Atmospheric Aerosols 153Paul A. Solomon, Matthew P. Fraser, and Pierre Herckes10 Microscopy and Microanalysis of Individual Collected Particles 179Robert A. Fletcher, Nicholas W. M. Ritchie, Ian M. Anderson, and John A. Small11 Real-Time Particle Analysis by Mass Spectrometry 233Anthony S. Wexler and Murray V. Johnston12 Semi-Continuous Mass Measurement 255Ernest Weingartner, Heinz Burtscher, Christoph Hüglin, and Kensei Ehara13 Optical Measurement Techniques: Fundamentals and Applications 269Christopher M. Sorensen, Josef Gebhart, Timothy J. O’Hern, and Daniel J. Rader14 Real-Time Techniques for Aerodynamic Size Measurement 313Paul A. Baron, Malay K. Mazumder, Yung-Sung Cheng, and Thomas M. Peters15 Electrical Mobility Methods for Submicrometer Particle Characterization 339Richard C. Flagan16 Instruments and Samplers Based on Diffusional Separation 365Yung-Sung Cheng17 Condensation Particle Counters 381Yung-Sung Cheng18 Instruments Based on Electrical Detection of Aerosols 393Suresh Dhaniyala, Martin Fierz, Jorma Keskinen, and Marko Marjamäki19 Electrodynamic Levitation of Particles 417E. James Davis20 Fundamentals of Cone-Jet Electrospray 435Alessandro Gomez and Weiwei Deng21 Calibration of Aerosol Instruments 449Bean T. Chen, Robert A. Fletcher, and Yung-Sung Cheng22 Size Distribution Data Analysis and Presentation 479Gurumurthy Ramachandran and Douglas W. CooperPart III Applications23 Nonspherical Particle Measurement: Shape Factor, Fractals, and Fibers 509Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, Christopher M. Sorensen, and Martin Harper24 Biological Particle Sampling 549Tiina Reponen, Klaus Willeke, Sergey Grinshpun, and Aino Nevalainen25 Workplace Aerosol Measurement 571Jon C. Volkwein, Andrew D. Maynard, and Martin Harper26 Ambient Aerosol Sampling 591John G. Watson and Judith C. Chow27 Indoor Aerosol Exposure Assessment 615Charles E. Rodes28 Radioactive Aerosols 635Mark D. Hoover29 Measurement of Cloud and Aerosol Particles from Aircraft 655James C. Wilson and Haflidi Jonsson30 Satellite-Based Measurement of Atmospheric Aerosols 667Rudolf B. Husar31 Atmospheric New Particle Formation: Physical and Chemical Measurements 681Peter H. McMurry, Chongai Kuang, James N. Smith, Jun Zhao, and Fred Eisele32 Electrical Classification and Condensation Detection of Sub-3-nm Aerosols 697Juan Fernandez de la Mora33 High Temperature Aerosols: Measurement and Deposition of Nanoparticle Films 723Pratim Biswas and Elijah Thimsen34 Characterization and Measurement of Atmospheric Large Particles (PM > 10 mm) 739Kenneth E. Noll and Dhesikan Venkatesan35 Manufacturing of Materials by Aerosol Processes 751George Skillas, Arkadi Maisels, Sotiris E. Pratsinis, and Toivo T. Kodas36 Aerosol Measurements in Cleanrooms 771David S. Ensor and Anne Marie Dixon37 Sampling Techniques in Inhalation Toxicology 785Owen R. Moss38 Factors Governing Pulmonary Response to Inhaled Particulate Matter 793Vincent Castranova39 Measurement of Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Inhalation Aerosols 805Anthony J. Hickey and David SwiftAppendix A: Glossary of Terms 821Appendix B: Conversion Factors 831Appendix C: Commonly Used Constants 833Appendix D: Some Properties of Air and Water 835Appendix E: Key Dimensionless Numbers 837Appendix F: Properties of Particles 839Appendix G: Geometric Formulas 841Appendix H: Bulk Density of Some Common Aerosol Materials 843Appendix I: Manufacturers and Suppliers 845Index 865

PRAMOD KULKARNI DSc, is a Physical Scientist, Senior Service Fellow, at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and an Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Environmental Engineering and Science Program at the University of Cincinnati. The late PAUL A. BARON PhD, was a Physical Scientist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.KLAUS WILLEKE PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Environmental Health at the University of Cincinnati.

"Specialists provide a comprehensive reference on instrumentation and methods for measuring aerosol." (Book News, 1 August 2011)

• Preface xiContributors xiiiPart I Principles1 Introduction to Aerosol Characterization 3Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, and Klaus Willeke2 Fundamentals of Single Particle Transport 15Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, and Klaus Willeke3 Physical and Chemical Processes in Aerosol Systems 31William C. Hinds4 Size Distribution Characteristics of Aerosols 41Walter John5 An Approach to Performing Aerosol Measurements 55Pramod Kulkarni and Paul A. BaronPart II Techniques6 Aerosol Transport in Sampling Lines and Inlets 69John E. Brockmann7 Sampling and Analysis Using Filters 107Peter C. Raynor, David Leith, K. W. Lee, and R. Mukund8 Sampling and Measurement Using Inertial, Gravitational, Centrifugal, and Thermal Techniques 129Virgil A. Marple and Bernard A. Olson9 Methods for Chemical Analysis of Atmospheric Aerosols 153Paul A. Solomon, Matthew P. Fraser, and Pierre Herckes10 Microscopy and Microanalysis of Individual Collected Particles 179Robert A. Fletcher, Nicholas W. M. Ritchie, Ian M. Anderson, and John A. Small11 Real-Time Particle Analysis by Mass Spectrometry 233Anthony S. Wexler and Murray V. Johnston12 Semi-Continuous Mass Measurement 255Ernest Weingartner, Heinz Burtscher, Christoph Hüglin, and Kensei Ehara13 Optical Measurement Techniques: Fundamentals and Applications 269Christopher M. Sorensen, Josef Gebhart, Timothy J. O’Hern, and Daniel J. Rader14 Real-Time Techniques for Aerodynamic Size Measurement 313Paul A. Baron, Malay K. Mazumder, Yung-Sung Cheng, and Thomas M. Peters15 Electrical Mobility Methods for Submicrometer Particle Characterization 339Richard C. Flagan16 Instruments and Samplers Based on Diffusional Separation 365Yung-Sung Cheng17 Condensation Particle Counters 381Yung-Sung Cheng18 Instruments Based on Electrical Detection of Aerosols 393Suresh Dhaniyala, Martin Fierz, Jorma Keskinen, and Marko Marjamäki19 Electrodynamic Levitation of Particles 417E. James Davis20 Fundamentals of Cone-Jet Electrospray 435Alessandro Gomez and Weiwei Deng21 Calibration of Aerosol Instruments 449Bean T. Chen, Robert A. Fletcher, and Yung-Sung Cheng22 Size Distribution Data Analysis and Presentation 479Gurumurthy Ramachandran and Douglas W. CooperPart III Applications23 Nonspherical Particle Measurement: Shape Factor, Fractals, and Fibers 509Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, Christopher M. Sorensen, and Martin Harper24 Biological Particle Sampling 549Tiina Reponen, Klaus Willeke, Sergey Grinshpun, and Aino Nevalainen25 Workplace Aerosol Measurement 571Jon C. Volkwein, Andrew D. Maynard, and Martin Harper26 Ambient Aerosol Sampling 591John G. Watson and Judith C. Chow27 Indoor Aerosol Exposure Assessment 615Charles E. Rodes28 Radioactive Aerosols 635Mark D. Hoover29 Measurement of Cloud and Aerosol Particles from Aircraft 655James C. Wilson and Haflidi Jonsson30 Satellite-Based Measurement of Atmospheric Aerosols 667Rudolf B. Husar31 Atmospheric New Particle Formation: Physical and Chemical Measurements 681Peter H. McMurry, Chongai Kuang, James N. Smith, Jun Zhao, and Fred Eisele32 Electrical Classification and Condensation Detection of Sub-3-nm Aerosols 697Juan Fernandez de la Mora33 High Temperature Aerosols: Measurement and Deposition of Nanoparticle Films 723Pratim Biswas and Elijah Thimsen34 Characterization and Measurement of Atmospheric Large Particles (PM > 10 mm) 739Kenneth E. Noll and Dhesikan Venkatesan35 Manufacturing of Materials by Aerosol Processes 751George Skillas, Arkadi Maisels, Sotiris E. Pratsinis, and Toivo T. Kodas36 Aerosol Measurements in Cleanrooms 771David S. Ensor and Anne Marie Dixon37 Sampling Techniques in Inhalation Toxicology 785Owen R. Moss38 Factors Governing Pulmonary Response to Inhaled Particulate Matter 793Vincent Castranova39 Measurement of Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Inhalation Aerosols 805Anthony J. Hickey and David SwiftAppendix A: Glossary of Terms 821Appendix B: Conversion Factors 831Appendix C: Commonly Used Constants 833Appendix D: Some Properties of Air and Water 835Appendix E: Key Dimensionless Numbers 837Appendix F: Properties of Particles 839Appendix G: Geometric Formulas 841Appendix H: Bulk Density of Some Common Aerosol Materials 843Appendix I: Manufacturers and Suppliers 845Index 865

PRAMOD KULKARNI DSc, is a Physical Scientist, Senior Service Fellow, at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and an Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Environmental Engineering and Science Program at the University of Cincinnati. The late PAUL A. BARON PhD, was a Physical Scientist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.KLAUS WILLEKE PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Environmental Health at the University of Cincinnati.

"Specialists provide a comprehensive reference on instrumentation and methods for measuring aerosol." (Book News, 1 August 2011)

• Preface xiContributors xiiiPart I Principles1 Introduction to Aerosol Characterization 3Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, and Klaus Willeke2 Fundamentals of Single Particle Transport 15Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, and Klaus Willeke3 Physical and Chemical Processes in Aerosol Systems 31William C. Hinds4 Size Distribution Characteristics of Aerosols 41Walter John5 An Approach to Performing Aerosol Measurements 55Pramod Kulkarni and Paul A. BaronPart II Techniques6 Aerosol Transport in Sampling Lines and Inlets 69John E. Brockmann7 Sampling and Analysis Using Filters 107Peter C. Raynor, David Leith, K. W. Lee, and R. Mukund8 Sampling and Measurement Using Inertial, Gravitational, Centrifugal, and Thermal Techniques 129Virgil A. Marple and Bernard A. Olson9 Methods for Chemical Analysis of Atmospheric Aerosols 153Paul A. Solomon, Matthew P. Fraser, and Pierre Herckes10 Microscopy and Microanalysis of Individual Collected Particles 179Robert A. Fletcher, Nicholas W. M. Ritchie, Ian M. Anderson, and John A. Small11 Real-Time Particle Analysis by Mass Spectrometry 233Anthony S. Wexler and Murray V. Johnston12 Semi-Continuous Mass Measurement 255Ernest Weingartner, Heinz Burtscher, Christoph Hüglin, and Kensei Ehara13 Optical Measurement Techniques: Fundamentals and Applications 269Christopher M. Sorensen, Josef Gebhart, Timothy J. O’Hern, and Daniel J. Rader14 Real-Time Techniques for Aerodynamic Size Measurement 313Paul A. Baron, Malay K. Mazumder, Yung-Sung Cheng, and Thomas M. Peters15 Electrical Mobility Methods for Submicrometer Particle Characterization 339Richard C. Flagan16 Instruments and Samplers Based on Diffusional Separation 365Yung-Sung Cheng17 Condensation Particle Counters 381Yung-Sung Cheng18 Instruments Based on Electrical Detection of Aerosols 393Suresh Dhaniyala, Martin Fierz, Jorma Keskinen, and Marko Marjamäki19 Electrodynamic Levitation of Particles 417E. James Davis20 Fundamentals of Cone-Jet Electrospray 435Alessandro Gomez and Weiwei Deng21 Calibration of Aerosol Instruments 449Bean T. Chen, Robert A. Fletcher, and Yung-Sung Cheng22 Size Distribution Data Analysis and Presentation 479Gurumurthy Ramachandran and Douglas W. CooperPart III Applications23 Nonspherical Particle Measurement: Shape Factor, Fractals, and Fibers 509Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, Christopher M. Sorensen, and Martin Harper24 Biological Particle Sampling 549Tiina Reponen, Klaus Willeke, Sergey Grinshpun, and Aino Nevalainen25 Workplace Aerosol Measurement 571Jon C. Volkwein, Andrew D. Maynard, and Martin Harper26 Ambient Aerosol Sampling 591John G. Watson and Judith C. Chow27 Indoor Aerosol Exposure Assessment 615Charles E. Rodes28 Radioactive Aerosols 635Mark D. Hoover29 Measurement of Cloud and Aerosol Particles from Aircraft 655James C. Wilson and Haflidi Jonsson30 Satellite-Based Measurement of Atmospheric Aerosols 667Rudolf B. Husar31 Atmospheric New Particle Formation: Physical and Chemical Measurements 681Peter H. McMurry, Chongai Kuang, James N. Smith, Jun Zhao, and Fred Eisele32 Electrical Classification and Condensation Detection of Sub-3-nm Aerosols 697Juan Fernandez de la Mora33 High Temperature Aerosols: Measurement and Deposition of Nanoparticle Films 723Pratim Biswas and Elijah Thimsen34 Characterization and Measurement of Atmospheric Large Particles (PM > 10 mm) 739Kenneth E. Noll and Dhesikan Venkatesan35 Manufacturing of Materials by Aerosol Processes 751George Skillas, Arkadi Maisels, Sotiris E. Pratsinis, and Toivo T. Kodas36 Aerosol Measurements in Cleanrooms 771David S. Ensor and Anne Marie Dixon37 Sampling Techniques in Inhalation Toxicology 785Owen R. Moss38 Factors Governing Pulmonary Response to Inhaled Particulate Matter 793Vincent Castranova39 Measurement of Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Inhalation Aerosols 805Anthony J. Hickey and David SwiftAppendix A: Glossary of Terms 821Appendix B: Conversion Factors 831Appendix C: Commonly Used Constants 833Appendix D: Some Properties of Air and Water 835Appendix E: Key Dimensionless Numbers 837Appendix F: Properties of Particles 839Appendix G: Geometric Formulas 841Appendix H: Bulk Density of Some Common Aerosol Materials 843Appendix I: Manufacturers and Suppliers 845Index 865