Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering, Volume 1

MYER KUTZ holds engineering degrees from MIT and RPI. He was vice president and general manager of Wiley's STM Division and has consulted and/or authored for most of the major professional and technical publishing houses. He is the author of nine books and the editor of more than a dozen handbooks.

• VOLUME 1PREFACE xxiiiCONTRIBUTORS xxviiPART I CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 11 New and Emerging Technologies in Structural Health Monitoring 3Merit Enckell, Jacob Egede Andersen, Branko Glisic, and Johan Silfwerbrand1.1 Introduction, 51.2 Background, 61.3 New and Emerging Technologies, 81.4 Fiber-Optic Technology, 161.5 Acoustic Emission, 241.6 Radar Technology, 271.7 Global Positioning System, 311.8 Corrosion Monitoring Systems, 331.9 Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) Systems, 351.10 Components of Structural Health Monitoring System, 371.11 Structural Health Monitoring System Design, 411.12 System Procurement and Installation, 441.13 Application of Structural Health Monitoring Systems, 471.14 Discussion, 671.15 Conclusion, 69Acknowledgments, 70References, 712 Applications of GIS in Engineering Measurements 79Gary S. Spring2.1 Introduction, 792.2 Background, 802.3 Basic Principles of GIS, 812.4 Measurement-Based GIS Applications, 962.5 Implementation Issues, 972.6 Conclusion, 100References, 1023 Traffic Congestion Management 105Nagui M. Rouphail3.1 Introduction and Background, 1053.2 Scope of the Chapter, 1063.3 Organization of the Chapter, 1073.4 Fundamentals of Vehicle Emission Estimation, 1073.5 Inventory of Traffic Congestion Management Methods, 1123.6 Assessing Emission Impacts of Traffic Congestion Management, 1193.7 Summary, 128Acknowledgments, 129References, 1294 Seismic Testing of Highway Bridges 133Eric V. Monzon, Ahmad M. Itani, and Gokhan Pekcan4.1 Introduction, 1334.2 Similitude Requirements, 1344.3 Specimen Fabrication, 1414.4 Input Motion, 1484.5 Instrumentation, 1504.6 Data Acquisition and Processing, 1554.7 Results, 157References, 1585 Measurements in Environmental Engineering 159Daniel A. Vallero5.1 Introduction, 1595.2 Environmental Sampling Approaches, 1665.3 Laboratory Analysis, 1695.4 Measurement Uncertainty, 1835.5 Measurement Decision Making, 1865.6 Environmental Indicators, 1915.7 Extending Measurement Data Using Models, 1995.8 Summary, 200Nomenclature, 200References, 2026 Hydrology Measurements 205Todd C. Rasmussen6.1 Introduction, 2066.2 Precipitation, 2096.3 Evapotranspiration, 2126.4 Surface Flow, 2166.5 Groundwater, 2196.6 Soil Water, 2236.7 Water Quality, 226Suggested Readings, 2317 Mobile Source Emissions Testing 233Mohan Venigalla7.1 Testing for Regulatory Compliance, 234References, 240PART II MECHANICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2418 Dimensions, Surfaces, and their Measurement 243Mikell P. Groover8.1 Dimensions, Tolerances, and Related Attributes, 2448.2 Conventional Measuring Instruments and Gages, 2458.3 Surfaces, 254References, 2569 Mass Properties Measurement 259David Tellet9.1 Introduction, 2609.2 Mass and Weight, 2629.3 Measurement Methodology, 2649.4 Weight and Mass Measurement, 2749.5 Center of Gravity Measurement, 2759.6 MOI Measurement, 2809.7 POI Measurement, 2849.8 Measuring Large Vehicles, 2879.9 Sources of Uncertainty, 292References, 30010 Force Measurement 301Patrick Collins10.1 Introduction, 30210.2 Force Transducers, 30310.3 Universal Testing Machines, 30610.4 The Strain Gauge Sensor, 30710.5 Resonant Element Transducers, 31110.6 Surface Acoustic Wave Transducers, 31410.7 Dynamometers, 31710.8 Optical Force Transducers, 31710.9 Magneto-Elastic Transducers, 32010.10 Force Balance Transducers, 32110.11 Force Transducer Characteristics, 32110.12 Calibration, 32310.13 Conclusion, 329Glossary of Terms, 329References, 34011 Resistive Strain Measurement Devices 343Mark Tuttle11.1 Preliminary Discussion, 34311.2 Resistance Metal Strain Gages, 34911.3 Semiconductor Strain Gages, 36311.4 Liquid Metal Strain Gages, 365References, 36612 Vibration Measurement 367Sheryl M. Gracewski and Nigel D. Ramoutar12.1 Introduction, 36712.2 One-Degree-of-Freedom System Response, 36912.3 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems and the Frequency Response Function, 37312.4 Vibration Measurement Equipment and Techniques, 38812.5 Experimental Modal Analysis, 40512.6 Applications of Vibration Measurement, 423Nomenclature, 428References, 43113 Acoustical Measurements 433Brian E. Anderson, Jonathan D. Blotter, Kent L. Gee, and Scott D. Sommerfeldt13.1 Introduction, 43413.2 Fundamental Measures, 43613.3 Microphones, 44513.4 Sound Pressure Level Measurements, 45113.5 Measurement of Sound Isolation, 45413.6 Room Acoustics Measurements, 45713.7 Community and Environmental Noise, 46313.8 Sound Intensity Measurements, 46513.9 Sound Power Measurements, 47213.10 Sound Exposure Measurements, 476References, 47914 Temperature Measurement 483Peter R. N. ChildsSummary, 48414.1 Introduction, 48414.2 Selection, 48714.3 Invasive Temperature Measurement, 48914.4 Semi-Invasive Methods, 51114.5 Noninvasive Methods, 51414.6 Conclusions, 519Nomenclature, 519References, 52115 Pressure and Velocity Measurements 527Richard S. Figliola and Donald E. Beasley15.1 Pressure Concepts, 52815.2 Pressure Reference Instruments, 53015.3 Pressure Transducers, 53615.4 Pressure Transducer Calibration, 54315.5 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids, 54415.6 Modeling Pressure and Fluid Systems, 54815.7 Design and Installation: Transmission Effects, 54815.8 Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems, 552Nomenclature, 563References, 56416 Luminescent Method for Pressure Measurement 567Gamal E. Khalil, Jim W. Crafton, Sergey D. Fonov, Marvin Sellers, and Dana Dabiri16.1 Introduction, 56716.2 Principles of Pressure-Sensitive Paint, 56916.3 Pressure-Sensitive Luminescent Dyes, 57116.4 PSP Polymer and Binder, 57216.5 Measurement Methods, 57416.6 Pressure-Sensitive Paint Measurements, 588Acknowledgments, 611References, 61217 Flow Measurement 615Jesse Yoder17.1 New-Technology and Traditional Technology Flowmeters, 61617.2 Trends in Flow Measurement, 627Further Readings, 62818 Heat Flux Measurement 629Thomas E. Diller18.1 Introduction, 63018.2 Important Issues, 63118.3 Gages Based on Spatial Temperature Difference, 63418.4 Gages Based on Temperature Change with Time, 64318.5 Gages Based on Active Heating Methods, 64818.6 Calibration and Errors, 653References, 65519 Heat Transfer Measurements for Nonboiling Two-Phase Flow 661Afshin J. Ghajar and Clement C. Tang19.1 Introduction, 66119.2 Experimental Setup for Horizontal and Slightly Inclined Pipes, 66219.3 Instruments for Measurement and Data Acquisition, 66619.4 Heat Transfer Experiment Procedures, 66719.5 Verifying the Functionality of the Experimental Setup, 67019.6 Experimental Results of Two-Phase Flow, 67319.7 Concluding Remarks, 682Nomenclature, 683References, 68420 Solar Energy Measurements 687Tariq Muneer and Yieng Wei Tham20.1 Introduction, 68820.2 Measurement Equipment, 69420.3 Equipment Error and Uncertainty, 70320.4 Operational Errors, 70420.5 Diffuse Radiation Data Measurement Errors, 70420.6 Types of Sensors and their Accuracy, 71120.7 Modern Developments, 71120.8 Data Quality Assessment, 71420.9 Statistical Evaluation of Models, 71620.10 Outlier Analysis, 722Acknowledgments, 722References, 72321 Wind Energy Measurements 727Peter Gregg21.1 Introduction, 72821.2 Concepts, 72821.3 Measurements, 73121.4 Evaluation, 739References, 74722 Human Movement Measurements 749Rahman Davoodi22.1 Introduction, 74922.2 Characterization of Human Movement, 75022.3 Optical Motion Capture Systems, 75122.4 Magnetic Motion Capture Systems, 75422.5 Inertial Motion Capture Systems, 75622.6 Discussion, 761Acknowledgment, 762References, 76223 Flow Measurement 765Arnold A. Fontaine, Keefe B. Manning, and Steven Deutsch23.1 Introduction, 76523.2 Flow Measurement Applications, 768References, 799PART III INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 80324 Statistical Quality Control 805Magd E. Zohdi24.1 Measurements and Quality Control, 80524.2 Dimension and Tolerance, 80524.3 Quality Control, 80624.4 Interrelationship of Tolerances of Assembled Products, 81224.5 Operation Characteristic (OC) Curve, 81224.6 Control Charts for Attributes, 81224.7 Acceptance Sampling, 81524.8 Defense Department Acceptance Sampling by Variables, 817Further Readings, 81725 Evaluating and Selecting Technology-Based Projects 819Hans J. Thamhain25.1 Management Perspective, 81925.2 Quantitative Approaches, 82125.3 Qualitative Approaches, 82625.4 Recommendations, 828Variables and Abbreviations, 831References, 83126 Manufacturing Systems Evaluation 833Walter W. Olson26.1 Introduction, 83326.2 Components of Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing, 83426.3 Manufacturing Systems, 83526.4 System Effects on ECM, 83826.5 Assessment, 84026.6 Summary, 844References, 84527 Measuring Performance of Chemical Process Equipment 847Alan Cross27.1 Introduction, 84727.2 Direct Fired Heater Measurement and Process ControlInstrumentation, 84827.3 Crushing and Grinding Equipment Measurements, 851References, 85828 Industrial Energy Efficiency 859B. Gopalakrishnan, D. P. Gupta, Y. Mardikar, and S. Chaudhari28.1 Introduction, 86028.2 Literature Review, 86328.3 Data Analysis of Energy Efficiency Measures, 86428.4 Energy Efficiency Measures in Major Energy ConsumingEquipment, 87228.5 Case Studies of Development of Energy-Efficiency Measures, 87928.6 Conclusion, 881Acknowledgments, 881References, 88129 Industrial Waste Auditing 885C. Visvanathan29.1 Overview, 88529.2 Waste-Minimization Programs, 88629.3 Waste-Minimization Cycle, 88829.4 Waste Auditing, 89029.5 Conclusion, 909Further Readings, 91030 Organizational Performance Measurement 911Jennifer A. Farris, Eileen M. Van Aken, and Geert Letens30.1 Introduction, 91130.2 Summary, 940References, 940INDEX