Landscape Architectural Research

M. ELEN DEMING, DDES, ASLA, RLA, is Professor and Head of Landscape Architecture at the University of Illinois. She is past editor of the award-winning Landscape Journal, as well as current President and Fellow of the Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture. She currently serves as on the editorial advisory boards for the European Journal of Landscape Architecture and Landscape Journal. SIMON R. SWAFFIELD, PHD, FNZILA, is Professor of Landscape Architecture at Lincoln University in Canterbury, New Zealand. In 2007, he received the Outstanding Research and Communication Award from CELA. He is founding editor of Landscape Review and frequently authors and edits journal articles.

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xiiiChapter 1 Introduction 11.1 Knowledge in Landscape Architecture 11.2 The Need for a Guide 21.3 The Gatekeeping Dilemma in Context 41.4 Mapping the Terrain 71.5 Building a Research-Based Discipline 13References 15Chapter 2 Knowing Landscape Architecture 172.1 Introduction 172.2 The Nature of Professional Disciplines 172.3 Domains of Knowledge in Landscape Architecture 202.4 Research Needs 26References 29Chapter 3 Theory/Research/Scholarship/Critique 303.1 Introduction 303.2 Competing Ideals of Theory 313.3 Representing Theory 343.4 Theoretical Conversations 353.5 Research and Scholarship 373.6 Studio Design as a Research Setting 403.7 Theory and Critique 423.8 Conclusion 43References 44Chapter 4 Integrating Design and Research 484.1 Introduction 484.2 Problems and Purpose 484.3 Framing a Research Question 524.4 Degrees of Research 534.5 Assessing Research Quality 564.6 A Developmental Heuristic 58References 63Chapter 5 Descriptive Strategies 655.1 Introduction 655.2 Observation 665.3 Secondary Description 715.4 Descriptive Social Surveys 725.5 Complex Description 775.6 Descriptive Case Studies 79Descriptive Strategies: Summary 85References 85Chapter 6 Modeling and Correlational Strategies 876.1 Introduction 876.2 Descriptive/Synthetic Models 896.3 Analytical Models and Correlation 906.4 Simple Correlation 936.5 Multiple Correlations 966.6 Spatial Correlations 986.7 Predictive Modeling 1016.8 Dynamic Simulation Modeling 103Modeling Strategies: Summary 110References 112Chapter 7 Experimental Strategies 1147.1 Introduction 1147.2 Classic Experiments 1167.3 Field Experiments 1197.4 Quasi Experiments 1197.5 The Metaphor of Experimentation 122Experimental Strategies: Summary 124References 124Chapter 8 Classification Schemes 1268.1 Introduction 1268.2 Collection/Inventory/Catalogue 1288.3 Typology 1338.4 Taxonomy 1368.5 Index 1408.6 Bibliography and Literature Review 144Classification Strategies: Summary 149References 149Chapter 9 Interpretive Strategies 1529.1 Introduction 1529.2 Ethnography 1539.3 Discourse Analysis 1619.4 Iconology and Iconography 1649.5 Historiography 165Interpretive Strategies: Summary 169References 172Chapter 10 Evaluation and Diagnosis 17410.1 Introduction 17410.2 Parameters, Norms, and Rubrics 17510.3 Design Evaluation 17910.4 Diagnostics 18110.5 Landscape Assessment 184Evaluation and Diagnosis Strategies: Summary 187References 190Chapter 11 Engaged Action Research 19211.1 Introduction 19211.2 Action Dimensions in Pedagogical Research 19411.3 Participatory Design in Service Learning 19711.4 Participatory Action Research (PAR) 20011.5 Transdisciplinary Action Research (TDAR) 202Engaged Action Research Strategies: Summary 203References 204Chapter 12 Projective Design 20512.1 Design as Research 20512.2 Design Operations 20912.3 Design Interpretations 21512.4 Design Reflections 217Projective Design Strategies: Summary 221References 221Chapter 13 Logical Systems (Axioms, Rules, and Argumentation) 22313.1 Introduction 22313.2 Logical Relationships 22413.3 Synthetic Logic 22713.4 Expanded Field Analysis 22813.5 Spatial Syntax as Logical System 22913.6 Pattern Language 231Logical Systems: Summary 234References 235Chapter 14 Research and Practice 23714.1 Introduction 23714.2 Integrating Research Strategies into Practice—Evidence-Based Design 23914.3 Integrating Research into Practice—Polemical Transformation 24014.4 Integrating Knowledge into Practice—Grassroots Movements 24114.5 Organizing Practice-Based Research 24214.6 Reprise 246References 247Index 249