JOHN D. NELSON, has over 50 years of geotechnical engineering experience with emphasis in expansive soils.??He is Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering at Colorado State University, and Principal Engineer at Engineering Analytics, Inc.KUO CHIEH CHAO, has over 20 years of geotechnical experience in foundation design and construction on expansive soils. He is Vice President of Engineering Analytics, Inc. and Adjunct Professor at Colorado State University.DANIEL D. OVERTON, has over 30 years of geotechnical engineering experience including foundation design for expansive soils. He is President of Engineering Analytics, Inc. and a Faculty Affiliate at Colorado State University.ERIK J. NELSON, has over 30 years of experience in geotechnical engineering, foundation design, and forensic investigations for expansive soils. He is Vice President at Engineering Analytics, Inc.

Select Guide Rating

• Preface xvList of Symbols xixList of Abbreviations xxv1. INTRODUCTION 11.1 Purpose 21.2 Organization 21.3 Terminology 4References 72. NATURE OF EXPANSIVE SOILS 92.1 Microscale Aspects of Expansive Soil Behavior 92.1.1 The Clay Particle 102.1.2 Adsorbed Cations and Cation Hydration 152.1.3 The Clay Micelle 172.1.4 Crystalline and Osmotic Expansion 192.1.5 Effect of Mineralogy on Plasticity of Soil 212.1.6 Effect of Mineralogy on Expansion Potential 222.1.7 Effect of Type of Cation on Expansion Potential 222.2 Macroscale Aspects of Expansive Soil Behavior 242.2.1 Development of Natural Soil Deposits 242.2.2 Effect of Plasticity on Expansion Potential 262.2.3 Effect of Soil Structure, Water Content, and Density on Expansion Potential 272.3 Identification of Expansive Soils 302.3.1 Methods Based on Physical Properties 302.3.2 Mineralogical Methods 362.3.3 Chemical Methods 372.3.4 Comments on Identification Methods 392.4 Characteristics of Expansive Soil Profiles 402.4.1 Geographic Distribution of Expansive Soils 402.4.2 Expansive Soil Profiles 40References 533. SITE INVESTIGATION 593.1 Program of Exploration 593.1.1 Reconnaissance Investigation 603.1.2 Preliminary Investigation 603.1.3 Design-Level Investigation 613.2 Forensic Investigation 68References 724. SOIL SUCTION 744.1 Soil Suction Components 744.1.1 Matric Suction 764.1.2 Osmotic Suction 804.1.3 Total Suction 824.2 Soil Water Characteristic Curve 824.2.1 Mathematical Expressions for SWCC 844.2.2 Soil Water Characteristic Curves for Expansive Soils 864.2.3 Influence of Stress State on Soil Water Characteristic Relationships 894.2.4 Effect of Suction on Groundwater Profiles 894.3 Measurement of Matric Suction 904.3.1 Tensiometers 924.3.2 Axis Translation Technique 944.3.3 Filter Paper Method for Matric Suction 984.3.4 Thermal Conductivity Sensors 1034.3.5 Electrical Resistance Sensors 1044.4 Measurement of Osmotic Suction 1054.4.1 Osmotic Tensiometers 1054.4.2 Pore Fluid Extraction Technique 1064.5 Measurement of Total Suction 1074.5.1 Psychrometers 1094.5.2 Filter Paper Method for Total Suction 110References 1145. STATE OF STRESS AND CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONSHIPS 1195.1 State of Stress and Stress State Variables 1195.2 Stress–Volume Relationships 1245.3 Stress–Water Relationships 125References 1266. OEDOMETER TESTING 1276.1 Consolidation-Swell and Constant Volume Tests 1296.2 Correction of Oedometer Test Data 1326.2.1 Correction for Oedometer Compressibility 1336.2.2 Correction for Specimen Disturbance in the CV Test 1376.2.3 Effect of the Corrections on Expansion Properties 1386.3 Relationship Between CS and CV Swelling Pressures (the m Method) 1406.4 Factors Influencing Oedometer Test Results 1446.4.1 Initial Stress State Conditions 1456.4.2 Soil Fatigue 1466.4.3 Initial Consolidation of Sample 1466.4.4 Time and Method of Inundation 1476.4.5 Storage of Samples 1486.4.6 Competency of Laboratory Personnel 149References 1497. WATER MIGRATION IN EXPANSIVE SOILS 1527.1 Water Flow in Unsaturated Soils 1537.1.1 Darcy’s Law for Unsaturated Soils 1537.1.2 Water Mass Balance Equation 1547.1.3 Vertical Seepage in Unsaturated Soil 1557.1.4 Flow through Fractured Rocks and Bedding Planes 1587.2 Depth and Degree of Wetting 1627.2.1 Depth of Wetting 1627.2.2 Degree of Wetting 1637.2.3 Perched Water Tables in Layered Strata 1647.2.4 Wetting Profiles 1657.3 Determination of Final Water Content Profiles for Design 1677.3.1 Hand Calculation of Final Water Contents for Design 1687.3.2 Computer Modeling of Water Migration 1707.4 Challenges in Water Migration Modeling for Expansive Soils 177References 1788. COMPUTATION OF PREDICTED HEAVE 1828.1 Oedometer Methods 1838.1.1 The Heave Equation 1848.1.2 Computation of Free-Field Heave 1868.1.3 Computation of Heave under an Applied Load 1958.1.4 Computation of Design Heave 1958.1.5 Discussion of Earlier Oedometer Methods Proposed to Compute Heave 2018.1.6 Comments on the Heave Index 2048.2 Soil Suction Methods 2048.2.1 McKeen (1992) 2058.2.2 Department of the Army (1983) 2118.2.3 Hamberg and Nelson (1984) 2128.2.4 Lytton (1994) 2138.3 Empirical Methods 2148.4 Progression of Heave with Time 2148.4.1 Hyperbolic Equation 2148.4.2 Use of Water Migration Modeling to Analyze Rate of Heave 2218.5 Free-Field Surface Movement for Shrink–Swell Soils 2228.6 Discussion of Heave Prediction 223References 2249. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR FOUNDATION AND FLOOR DESIGN 2279.1 Risk and Life Cycle Costs 2309.1.1 Classification of Expansion Potential 2309.1.2 Risk Factor 2349.2 Foundation Alternatives 2439.3 Factors Influencing Design of Structures on Expansive Soils 2439.3.1 Tolerable Foundation Movement 2439.3.2 Design Life 2519.3.3 Design Active Zone and Degree of Wetting 2529.3.4 Site Grading 2529.4 Remedial Measures 253References 25510. SOIL TREATMENT AND MOISTURE CONTROL 25810.1 Overexcavation and Replacement 25910.2 Prewetting Method 26410.3 Chemical Admixtures 26710.3.1 Lime Treatment 26710.3.2 Cement Treatment 27310.3.3 Fly Ash Treatment 27410.3.4 Chemical Injection 27410.4 Moisture Control Alternatives 27510.4.1 Moisture Barriers 27610.4.2 Subsurface Drains 28110.4.3 Surface Grading and Drainage 28310.5 Summary of Soil Treatment Methods 289References 29011. DESIGN METHODS FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 29511.1 Spread Footing Foundations 29511.1.1 Computation of Footing Heave 29711.1.2 Spread Footing Design Examples 29911.2 Stiffened Slab Foundations 30811.2.1 Edge Heave and Center Heave 30811.2.2 Differential Heave 31111.3 Remedial Measures for Shallow Foundations 31411.3.1 Footing Foundations 31411.3.2 Stiffened Slab-on-Grade 31711.3.3 Other Methods 318References 31812. DESIGN METHODS FOR DEEP FOUNDATIONS 32012.1 Pier and Grade Beam Foundation 32012.1.1 Design Methods 32412.1.2 Load-Bearing Capacity 33412.2 Patented Piers 33512.2.1 Helical Piles 33512.2.2 Micropiles 33712.2.3 Push Piers 34012.3 Deep Foundation Design Examples 34212.3.1 Rigid Pier Design Example 34212.3.2 APEX Design Example 34512.3.3 Helical Pile Design Example 34812.4 Remedial Measures for Deep Foundations 34812.4.1 Pier and Grade Beam Foundation 34912.4.2 Underpinning 349References 35013. FLOORS AND EXTERIOR FLATWORK 35113.1 Slabs-on-Grade 35113.2 Stiffened Slabs 35613.3 Structural Floors 35713.4 Exterior Slabs and Flatwork 35813.5 Remediation Techniques 35913.5.1 Structural Floor Systems 36113.5.2 Moisture Control 36113.5.3 Chemical Injection 36113.5.4 Isolation of the Slab 36113.5.5 Exterior Slabs 362References 36214. LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES 36314.1 Computation of Lateral Pressure from Expansive Soils 36314.2 Testing for Measuring Lateral Swelling Pressure 36514.3 Reduction of Lateral Swelling Pressure 36614.4 Design for Lateral Earth Pressure 367References 370Index 373

JOHN D. NELSON, has over 50 years of geotechnical engineering experience with emphasis in expansive soils.??He is Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering at Colorado State University, and Principal Engineer at Engineering Analytics, Inc.KUO CHIEH CHAO, has over 20 years of geotechnical experience in foundation design and construction on expansive soils. He is Vice President of Engineering Analytics, Inc. and Adjunct Professor at Colorado State University.DANIEL D. OVERTON, has over 30 years of geotechnical engineering experience including foundation design for expansive soils. He is President of Engineering Analytics, Inc. and a Faculty Affiliate at Colorado State University.ERIK J. NELSON, has over 30 years of experience in geotechnical engineering, foundation design, and forensic investigations for expansive soils. He is Vice President at Engineering Analytics, Inc.

Select Guide Rating

• Preface xvList of Symbols xixList of Abbreviations xxv1. INTRODUCTION 11.1 Purpose 21.2 Organization 21.3 Terminology 4References 72. NATURE OF EXPANSIVE SOILS 92.1 Microscale Aspects of Expansive Soil Behavior 92.1.1 The Clay Particle 102.1.2 Adsorbed Cations and Cation Hydration 152.1.3 The Clay Micelle 172.1.4 Crystalline and Osmotic Expansion 192.1.5 Effect of Mineralogy on Plasticity of Soil 212.1.6 Effect of Mineralogy on Expansion Potential 222.1.7 Effect of Type of Cation on Expansion Potential 222.2 Macroscale Aspects of Expansive Soil Behavior 242.2.1 Development of Natural Soil Deposits 242.2.2 Effect of Plasticity on Expansion Potential 262.2.3 Effect of Soil Structure, Water Content, and Density on Expansion Potential 272.3 Identification of Expansive Soils 302.3.1 Methods Based on Physical Properties 302.3.2 Mineralogical Methods 362.3.3 Chemical Methods 372.3.4 Comments on Identification Methods 392.4 Characteristics of Expansive Soil Profiles 402.4.1 Geographic Distribution of Expansive Soils 402.4.2 Expansive Soil Profiles 40References 533. SITE INVESTIGATION 593.1 Program of Exploration 593.1.1 Reconnaissance Investigation 603.1.2 Preliminary Investigation 603.1.3 Design-Level Investigation 613.2 Forensic Investigation 68References 724. SOIL SUCTION 744.1 Soil Suction Components 744.1.1 Matric Suction 764.1.2 Osmotic Suction 804.1.3 Total Suction 824.2 Soil Water Characteristic Curve 824.2.1 Mathematical Expressions for SWCC 844.2.2 Soil Water Characteristic Curves for Expansive Soils 864.2.3 Influence of Stress State on Soil Water Characteristic Relationships 894.2.4 Effect of Suction on Groundwater Profiles 894.3 Measurement of Matric Suction 904.3.1 Tensiometers 924.3.2 Axis Translation Technique 944.3.3 Filter Paper Method for Matric Suction 984.3.4 Thermal Conductivity Sensors 1034.3.5 Electrical Resistance Sensors 1044.4 Measurement of Osmotic Suction 1054.4.1 Osmotic Tensiometers 1054.4.2 Pore Fluid Extraction Technique 1064.5 Measurement of Total Suction 1074.5.1 Psychrometers 1094.5.2 Filter Paper Method for Total Suction 110References 1145. STATE OF STRESS AND CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONSHIPS 1195.1 State of Stress and Stress State Variables 1195.2 Stress–Volume Relationships 1245.3 Stress–Water Relationships 125References 1266. OEDOMETER TESTING 1276.1 Consolidation-Swell and Constant Volume Tests 1296.2 Correction of Oedometer Test Data 1326.2.1 Correction for Oedometer Compressibility 1336.2.2 Correction for Specimen Disturbance in the CV Test 1376.2.3 Effect of the Corrections on Expansion Properties 1386.3 Relationship Between CS and CV Swelling Pressures (the m Method) 1406.4 Factors Influencing Oedometer Test Results 1446.4.1 Initial Stress State Conditions 1456.4.2 Soil Fatigue 1466.4.3 Initial Consolidation of Sample 1466.4.4 Time and Method of Inundation 1476.4.5 Storage of Samples 1486.4.6 Competency of Laboratory Personnel 149References 1497. WATER MIGRATION IN EXPANSIVE SOILS 1527.1 Water Flow in Unsaturated Soils 1537.1.1 Darcy’s Law for Unsaturated Soils 1537.1.2 Water Mass Balance Equation 1547.1.3 Vertical Seepage in Unsaturated Soil 1557.1.4 Flow through Fractured Rocks and Bedding Planes 1587.2 Depth and Degree of Wetting 1627.2.1 Depth of Wetting 1627.2.2 Degree of Wetting 1637.2.3 Perched Water Tables in Layered Strata 1647.2.4 Wetting Profiles 1657.3 Determination of Final Water Content Profiles for Design 1677.3.1 Hand Calculation of Final Water Contents for Design 1687.3.2 Computer Modeling of Water Migration 1707.4 Challenges in Water Migration Modeling for Expansive Soils 177References 1788. COMPUTATION OF PREDICTED HEAVE 1828.1 Oedometer Methods 1838.1.1 The Heave Equation 1848.1.2 Computation of Free-Field Heave 1868.1.3 Computation of Heave under an Applied Load 1958.1.4 Computation of Design Heave 1958.1.5 Discussion of Earlier Oedometer Methods Proposed to Compute Heave 2018.1.6 Comments on the Heave Index 2048.2 Soil Suction Methods 2048.2.1 McKeen (1992) 2058.2.2 Department of the Army (1983) 2118.2.3 Hamberg and Nelson (1984) 2128.2.4 Lytton (1994) 2138.3 Empirical Methods 2148.4 Progression of Heave with Time 2148.4.1 Hyperbolic Equation 2148.4.2 Use of Water Migration Modeling to Analyze Rate of Heave 2218.5 Free-Field Surface Movement for Shrink–Swell Soils 2228.6 Discussion of Heave Prediction 223References 2249. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR FOUNDATION AND FLOOR DESIGN 2279.1 Risk and Life Cycle Costs 2309.1.1 Classification of Expansion Potential 2309.1.2 Risk Factor 2349.2 Foundation Alternatives 2439.3 Factors Influencing Design of Structures on Expansive Soils 2439.3.1 Tolerable Foundation Movement 2439.3.2 Design Life 2519.3.3 Design Active Zone and Degree of Wetting 2529.3.4 Site Grading 2529.4 Remedial Measures 253References 25510. SOIL TREATMENT AND MOISTURE CONTROL 25810.1 Overexcavation and Replacement 25910.2 Prewetting Method 26410.3 Chemical Admixtures 26710.3.1 Lime Treatment 26710.3.2 Cement Treatment 27310.3.3 Fly Ash Treatment 27410.3.4 Chemical Injection 27410.4 Moisture Control Alternatives 27510.4.1 Moisture Barriers 27610.4.2 Subsurface Drains 28110.4.3 Surface Grading and Drainage 28310.5 Summary of Soil Treatment Methods 289References 29011. DESIGN METHODS FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 29511.1 Spread Footing Foundations 29511.1.1 Computation of Footing Heave 29711.1.2 Spread Footing Design Examples 29911.2 Stiffened Slab Foundations 30811.2.1 Edge Heave and Center Heave 30811.2.2 Differential Heave 31111.3 Remedial Measures for Shallow Foundations 31411.3.1 Footing Foundations 31411.3.2 Stiffened Slab-on-Grade 31711.3.3 Other Methods 318References 31812. DESIGN METHODS FOR DEEP FOUNDATIONS 32012.1 Pier and Grade Beam Foundation 32012.1.1 Design Methods 32412.1.2 Load-Bearing Capacity 33412.2 Patented Piers 33512.2.1 Helical Piles 33512.2.2 Micropiles 33712.2.3 Push Piers 34012.3 Deep Foundation Design Examples 34212.3.1 Rigid Pier Design Example 34212.3.2 APEX Design Example 34512.3.3 Helical Pile Design Example 34812.4 Remedial Measures for Deep Foundations 34812.4.1 Pier and Grade Beam Foundation 34912.4.2 Underpinning 349References 35013. FLOORS AND EXTERIOR FLATWORK 35113.1 Slabs-on-Grade 35113.2 Stiffened Slabs 35613.3 Structural Floors 35713.4 Exterior Slabs and Flatwork 35813.5 Remediation Techniques 35913.5.1 Structural Floor Systems 36113.5.2 Moisture Control 36113.5.3 Chemical Injection 36113.5.4 Isolation of the Slab 36113.5.5 Exterior Slabs 362References 36214. LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES 36314.1 Computation of Lateral Pressure from Expansive Soils 36314.2 Testing for Measuring Lateral Swelling Pressure 36514.3 Reduction of Lateral Swelling Pressure 36614.4 Design for Lateral Earth Pressure 367References 370Index 373

JOHN D. NELSON, has over 50 years of geotechnical engineering experience with emphasis in expansive soils.??He is Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering at Colorado State University, and Principal Engineer at Engineering Analytics, Inc.KUO CHIEH CHAO, has over 20 years of geotechnical experience in foundation design and construction on expansive soils. He is Vice President of Engineering Analytics, Inc. and Adjunct Professor at Colorado State University.DANIEL D. OVERTON, has over 30 years of geotechnical engineering experience including foundation design for expansive soils. He is President of Engineering Analytics, Inc. and a Faculty Affiliate at Colorado State University.ERIK J. NELSON, has over 30 years of experience in geotechnical engineering, foundation design, and forensic investigations for expansive soils. He is Vice President at Engineering Analytics, Inc.

Select Guide Rating

• Preface xvList of Symbols xixList of Abbreviations xxv1. INTRODUCTION 11.1 Purpose 21.2 Organization 21.3 Terminology 4References 72. NATURE OF EXPANSIVE SOILS 92.1 Microscale Aspects of Expansive Soil Behavior 92.1.1 The Clay Particle 102.1.2 Adsorbed Cations and Cation Hydration 152.1.3 The Clay Micelle 172.1.4 Crystalline and Osmotic Expansion 192.1.5 Effect of Mineralogy on Plasticity of Soil 212.1.6 Effect of Mineralogy on Expansion Potential 222.1.7 Effect of Type of Cation on Expansion Potential 222.2 Macroscale Aspects of Expansive Soil Behavior 242.2.1 Development of Natural Soil Deposits 242.2.2 Effect of Plasticity on Expansion Potential 262.2.3 Effect of Soil Structure, Water Content, and Density on Expansion Potential 272.3 Identification of Expansive Soils 302.3.1 Methods Based on Physical Properties 302.3.2 Mineralogical Methods 362.3.3 Chemical Methods 372.3.4 Comments on Identification Methods 392.4 Characteristics of Expansive Soil Profiles 402.4.1 Geographic Distribution of Expansive Soils 402.4.2 Expansive Soil Profiles 40References 533. SITE INVESTIGATION 593.1 Program of Exploration 593.1.1 Reconnaissance Investigation 603.1.2 Preliminary Investigation 603.1.3 Design-Level Investigation 613.2 Forensic Investigation 68References 724. SOIL SUCTION 744.1 Soil Suction Components 744.1.1 Matric Suction 764.1.2 Osmotic Suction 804.1.3 Total Suction 824.2 Soil Water Characteristic Curve 824.2.1 Mathematical Expressions for SWCC 844.2.2 Soil Water Characteristic Curves for Expansive Soils 864.2.3 Influence of Stress State on Soil Water Characteristic Relationships 894.2.4 Effect of Suction on Groundwater Profiles 894.3 Measurement of Matric Suction 904.3.1 Tensiometers 924.3.2 Axis Translation Technique 944.3.3 Filter Paper Method for Matric Suction 984.3.4 Thermal Conductivity Sensors 1034.3.5 Electrical Resistance Sensors 1044.4 Measurement of Osmotic Suction 1054.4.1 Osmotic Tensiometers 1054.4.2 Pore Fluid Extraction Technique 1064.5 Measurement of Total Suction 1074.5.1 Psychrometers 1094.5.2 Filter Paper Method for Total Suction 110References 1145. STATE OF STRESS AND CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONSHIPS 1195.1 State of Stress and Stress State Variables 1195.2 Stress–Volume Relationships 1245.3 Stress–Water Relationships 125References 1266. OEDOMETER TESTING 1276.1 Consolidation-Swell and Constant Volume Tests 1296.2 Correction of Oedometer Test Data 1326.2.1 Correction for Oedometer Compressibility 1336.2.2 Correction for Specimen Disturbance in the CV Test 1376.2.3 Effect of the Corrections on Expansion Properties 1386.3 Relationship Between CS and CV Swelling Pressures (the m Method) 1406.4 Factors Influencing Oedometer Test Results 1446.4.1 Initial Stress State Conditions 1456.4.2 Soil Fatigue 1466.4.3 Initial Consolidation of Sample 1466.4.4 Time and Method of Inundation 1476.4.5 Storage of Samples 1486.4.6 Competency of Laboratory Personnel 149References 1497. WATER MIGRATION IN EXPANSIVE SOILS 1527.1 Water Flow in Unsaturated Soils 1537.1.1 Darcy’s Law for Unsaturated Soils 1537.1.2 Water Mass Balance Equation 1547.1.3 Vertical Seepage in Unsaturated Soil 1557.1.4 Flow through Fractured Rocks and Bedding Planes 1587.2 Depth and Degree of Wetting 1627.2.1 Depth of Wetting 1627.2.2 Degree of Wetting 1637.2.3 Perched Water Tables in Layered Strata 1647.2.4 Wetting Profiles 1657.3 Determination of Final Water Content Profiles for Design 1677.3.1 Hand Calculation of Final Water Contents for Design 1687.3.2 Computer Modeling of Water Migration 1707.4 Challenges in Water Migration Modeling for Expansive Soils 177References 1788. COMPUTATION OF PREDICTED HEAVE 1828.1 Oedometer Methods 1838.1.1 The Heave Equation 1848.1.2 Computation of Free-Field Heave 1868.1.3 Computation of Heave under an Applied Load 1958.1.4 Computation of Design Heave 1958.1.5 Discussion of Earlier Oedometer Methods Proposed to Compute Heave 2018.1.6 Comments on the Heave Index 2048.2 Soil Suction Methods 2048.2.1 McKeen (1992) 2058.2.2 Department of the Army (1983) 2118.2.3 Hamberg and Nelson (1984) 2128.2.4 Lytton (1994) 2138.3 Empirical Methods 2148.4 Progression of Heave with Time 2148.4.1 Hyperbolic Equation 2148.4.2 Use of Water Migration Modeling to Analyze Rate of Heave 2218.5 Free-Field Surface Movement for Shrink–Swell Soils 2228.6 Discussion of Heave Prediction 223References 2249. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR FOUNDATION AND FLOOR DESIGN 2279.1 Risk and Life Cycle Costs 2309.1.1 Classification of Expansion Potential 2309.1.2 Risk Factor 2349.2 Foundation Alternatives 2439.3 Factors Influencing Design of Structures on Expansive Soils 2439.3.1 Tolerable Foundation Movement 2439.3.2 Design Life 2519.3.3 Design Active Zone and Degree of Wetting 2529.3.4 Site Grading 2529.4 Remedial Measures 253References 25510. SOIL TREATMENT AND MOISTURE CONTROL 25810.1 Overexcavation and Replacement 25910.2 Prewetting Method 26410.3 Chemical Admixtures 26710.3.1 Lime Treatment 26710.3.2 Cement Treatment 27310.3.3 Fly Ash Treatment 27410.3.4 Chemical Injection 27410.4 Moisture Control Alternatives 27510.4.1 Moisture Barriers 27610.4.2 Subsurface Drains 28110.4.3 Surface Grading and Drainage 28310.5 Summary of Soil Treatment Methods 289References 29011. DESIGN METHODS FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 29511.1 Spread Footing Foundations 29511.1.1 Computation of Footing Heave 29711.1.2 Spread Footing Design Examples 29911.2 Stiffened Slab Foundations 30811.2.1 Edge Heave and Center Heave 30811.2.2 Differential Heave 31111.3 Remedial Measures for Shallow Foundations 31411.3.1 Footing Foundations 31411.3.2 Stiffened Slab-on-Grade 31711.3.3 Other Methods 318References 31812. DESIGN METHODS FOR DEEP FOUNDATIONS 32012.1 Pier and Grade Beam Foundation 32012.1.1 Design Methods 32412.1.2 Load-Bearing Capacity 33412.2 Patented Piers 33512.2.1 Helical Piles 33512.2.2 Micropiles 33712.2.3 Push Piers 34012.3 Deep Foundation Design Examples 34212.3.1 Rigid Pier Design Example 34212.3.2 APEX Design Example 34512.3.3 Helical Pile Design Example 34812.4 Remedial Measures for Deep Foundations 34812.4.1 Pier and Grade Beam Foundation 34912.4.2 Underpinning 349References 35013. FLOORS AND EXTERIOR FLATWORK 35113.1 Slabs-on-Grade 35113.2 Stiffened Slabs 35613.3 Structural Floors 35713.4 Exterior Slabs and Flatwork 35813.5 Remediation Techniques 35913.5.1 Structural Floor Systems 36113.5.2 Moisture Control 36113.5.3 Chemical Injection 36113.5.4 Isolation of the Slab 36113.5.5 Exterior Slabs 362References 36214. LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES 36314.1 Computation of Lateral Pressure from Expansive Soils 36314.2 Testing for Measuring Lateral Swelling Pressure 36514.3 Reduction of Lateral Swelling Pressure 36614.4 Design for Lateral Earth Pressure 367References 370Index 373