Paul C.J. Kamer, EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Scotland. Piet W.N.M. van Leeuwen, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Tarragona, Spain.

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xvii1 Phosphorus Ligand Effects in Homogeneous Catalysis and Rational Catalyst Design 1Jason A. Gillespie, Erik Zuidema, Piet W. N. M. van Leeuwen, and Paul C. J. Kamer1.1 Introduction 11.2 Properties of phosphorus ligands 71.2.1 Electronic ligand parameters 71.2.2 Steric ligand parameters 91.2.3 Bite angle effects 101.2.4 Molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) approach 131.3 Asymmetric ligands 151.4 Rational ligand design in nickel-catalysed hydrocyanation 191.4.1 Introduction 191.4.2 Mechanistic insights 201.4.3 Rational design 201.5 Conclusions 22References 232 Chiral Phosphines and Diphosphines 27Wei Li and Xumu Zhang2.1 Introduction 272.1.1 Early developments 272.2 Chiral chelating diphosphines with a linking scaffold 302.2.1 Building chiral backbones from naturally available materials 302.2.2 Design and synthesis of chiral backbones 352.2.3 Synthesis from optical resolution of phosphine precursors or intermediates 432.3 Chiral atropisomeric biaryl diphosphines 462.3.1 Synthesis of BINAP and its derivatives 462.3.2 Synthesis of atropisomeric biaryl ligands 492.3.3 General strategies of synthesizing of atropisomeric biaryl ligands 522.4 Chiral phosphacyclic diphosphines 522.4.1 Fundamental discovery and syntheses of BPE and DuPhos 522.4.2 Design and synthesis of bisphosphetanes 562.4.3 Design and synthesis of bisphospholanes 582.4.4 Design and synthesis of bisphospholes 632.4.5 Design and synthesis of bisphosphinanes 652.4.6 Design and synthesis of bisphosphepines 662.4.7 Summary of synthetic strategies of phosphacycles 682.5 P-stereogenic diphosphine ligands 682.6 Experimental procedures for the syntheses of selected diphosphine ligands 692.6.1 Synthesis procedure for DIOP* ligand 692.6.2 Synthesis procedure of SDP ligands 702.6.3 Synthesis procedure of (R , R)-BICP 712.6.4 Synthesis procedure of SEGPHOS 712.6.5 Synthesis procedure of Ph-BPE 722.6.6 Synthesis procedure of TangPhos 732.6.7 Synthesis procedure of Binaphane 742.7 Concluding remarks 75References 753 Design and Synthesis of Phosphite Ligands for Homogeneous Catalysis 81Aitor Gual, Cyril Godard, Verónica de la Fuente, and Sergio Castillón3.1 Introduction 813.2 Synthesis of phosphites 823.2.1 Monophosphites 823.2.2 Diphosphite ligands 943.2.3 Triphosphites 1053.3 Highlights of catalytic applications of phosphite ligands 1063.3.1 Hydrogenation reactions 1063.3.2 Functionalization of alkenes: hydroformylation and hydrocyanation 1083.3.3 Addition of nucleophiles to carbonyl compounds and derivatives 1103.3.4 Allylic substitution reactions 1133.3.5 Miscellaneous reactions 1173.4 General synthetic procedures 1223.4.1 Symmetrically substituted phosphites 1223.4.2 Nonsymmetrically substituted phosphites 1233.4.3 Phosphites bearing dioxaphospho-cyclic units 123References 1244 Phosphoramidite Ligands 133Laurent Lefort and Johannes G. de Vries4.1 Introduction 1334.1.1 History 1344.2 Synthesis of phosphoramidites 1344.3 Reactivity of the phosphoramidites 1354.4 Types of phosphoramidite ligands 1364.4.1 Acyclic monodentate phosphoramidites 1364.4.2 Cyclic monodentate phosphoramidites based on diols 1364.4.3 Cyclic phosphoramidites based on amino alcohols 1424.4.4 Bis-phosphoramidites 1434.4.5 Mixed bidentate ligands 1454.4.6 Polydendate phosphoramidites 1494.5 Conclusion 1534.6 Synthetic procedures 153References 1535 Phosphinite and Phosphonite Ligands 159T. V. (Babu) RajanBabu5.1 Introduction 1595.2 General methods for synthesis of complexes 1605.3 Syntheses and applications of phosphinite ligands 1625.3.1 Early studies 1625.3.2 Phosphinite ligands from carbohydrates 1635.3.3 Phosphinite ligands from other alcohols 1725.3.4 Phosphine–phosphinite and amine–phosphinite ligands 1735.3.5 Phosphinites from amines, amino alcohols, and amino acids 1745.3.6 Bisphosphinite ligands with other scaffoldings 1795.3.7 1,1′-Diaryl-2,2′-phosphinites and dynamic conformational control in asymmetric catalysis 1805.3.8 Monophosphinite ligands 1825.3.9 Hybrid ligands containing phosphinites 1825.4 Synthesis and applications of phosphonite ligands 1885.4.1 Early studies 1885.4.2 Phosphonites from TADDOL and related compounds 1895.4.3 Phosphonites derived from 2,2′-hydroxybiaryls and related compounds 1935.4.4 Phosphine–phosphonite ligands 1965.4.5 Phosphonites with paracyclophane backbone 1965.4.6 Phosphonites with a spirobisindane backbone 1975.4.7 Miscellaneous phosphonite ligands 1985.4.8 Development of phosphonite ligands for industrially relevant processes 1995.4.9 Use of the phosphonite functionality to synthesize other ligands 2065.5 Experimental procedures for the syntheses of prototypical phosphinite and phosphonite ligands 2085.5.1 Phosphinite ligands 2085.5.2 Phosphonite ligands 2175.6 Acknowledgments 221Abbreviations 221References 2226 Mixed Donor Ligands 233René Tannert and Andreas Pfaltz6.1 Introduction: general design principles 2336.2 Synthesis of bidentate P,X-ligands 2356.2.1 P,N-ligands 2356.2.2 P,O-ligands 2506.2.3 P,S-ligands 2526.2.4 P,C-ligands 2556.3 Conclusion 2576.4 Experimental procedures 2576.4.1 Synthesis of PHOX ligand 2576.4.2 Synthesis of NeoPHOX ligand 259References 2607 Phospholes 267Duncan Carmichael7.1 Introduction 2677.2 Creation of phospholes for use as ligands 2697.2.1 Reactions of phosphorus dihalides with metallated dienes 2697.2.2 Reactions of phosphorus dihalides with dienes 2707.2.3 Michael addition of primary phosphines to dienes 2717.3 Postsynthetic functionalisation 2717.3.1 Functionalisation at phosphorus 2717.3.2 At phosphorus: use of electrophiles 2727.3.3 At phosphorus: use of nucleophiles and aromatics 2727.3.4 At carbon: elaboration about the phosphole nucleus 2727.4 Phosphole coordination chemistry 2737.5 Phospholes in catalysis 2767.6 Experimental procedures 279References 2808 Phosphinine Ligands 287Christian Müller8.1 Introduction 2878.2 Ligand properties 2888.2.1 Electronic properties 2888.2.2 Structural characteristics and steric properties 2898.2.3 Reactivity of phosphinines 2908.3 Synthesis of Phosphinines 2928.3.1 O + /P exchange reaction 2928.3.2 Tin route 2948.3.3 [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions 2948.3.4 Ring expansion methods 2958.3.5 Metal-mediated functionalizations 2968.4 Coordination chemistry 2978.5 Reactivity of transition metal complexes 3008.6 Application of phosphinines in homogeneous catalysis 3008.7 Experimental procedure for the synthesis of selected phosphinines 303References 3059 Highly Strained Organophosphorus Compounds 309J. Chris Slootweg and Koop Lammertsma9.1 Introduction 3099.2 Three-membered rings 3109.3 Rearrangements 3129.4 Homogeneous catalysis 3139.5 Conclusions 3149.6 Experimental procedures 3149.6.1 Synthesis of BABAR-Phos 49a (R = i-Pr) 3149.6.2 Synthesis of BABAR-Phos 49b (R = 3,5-(CF 3) 2 c 6 H 3) 315References 31610 Phosphaalkenes 321Julien Dugal-Tessier, Eamonn D. Conrad, Gregory R. Dake, and Derek P. Gates10.1 Introduction 32110.1.1 Frontier molecular orbitals of phosphaalkenes 32210.2 Synthesis of phosphaalkenes 32410.2.1 Diphosphinidenecyclobutene (DPCB) synthesis (P,P chelates) 32410.2.2 Bidentate-chelating P,P phosphaalkene ligands 32510.2.3 Phosphaalkenes capable of P,N-chelation to metals 32610.2.4 P,X achiral phosphaalkene ligands (X=P, O, S) 32610.2.5 Synthesis of enantiomerically pure P,X ligands (X=P, N) 32810.3 Catalysis with phosphaalkene ligands 32910.3.1 Ethylene polymerization 32910.3.2 Cross-coupling reactions 33010.3.3 Hydro- and dehydrosilylation 33210.3.4 Hydroamination and hydroamidation 33310.3.5 Isomerization reactions 33410.3.6 Allylic substitution 33510.3.7 Asymmetric catalysis 33610.4 Concluding remarks 33710.5 Experimental procedures for representative ligands 33810.5.1 Synthesis of DPCB 33810.5.2 Synthesis of PhAk–Ox 33810.6 Acknowledgments 339References 33911 Phosphaalkynes 343Christopher A. Russell and Nell S. Townsend11.1 Introduction 34311.2 General experimental 34411.3 Preparation of PC t Bu 34411.3.1 Tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine, P(SiMe3) 34511.3.2 tert -butylphosphaalkene, Me SiP = C(OSiMe) t Bu (systematic name  [2,2-dimethyl-1-(trimethylsiloxy)propylidene]–(trimethylsilyl) phosphine) 34611.3.3 tert-butylphosphaalkyne, systematic name (2,2-dimethylpropylidyne)phosphine; t BuC≡P 34711.4 Adamanylphosphaalkyne, AdC≡P 34811.4.1 Adamant-1-yl(trimethylsiloxy)methylidene (trimethylsilyl) phosphine 34811.4.2 (Adamant-1-ylmethylidyne)phosphine 34811.5 Mesitylphosphaalkyne, MesC≡P 34911.5.1 Preparation of potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphide {KP(SiMe 3) 2 } 34911.5.2 Mesityl(trimethylsiloxy)methylene trimethylsilylphosphine 34911.5.3 Mesitylphosphaalkyne 35011.6 Phospholide anions 35011.6.1 Preparation of Cp 2 Zr(PC Bu) 2 35111.6.2 Preparation of ClP(PC t Bu) 2 35111.6.3 Preparation of the triphospholide anion and derivation to give the triphenylstannylphosphole 35211.6.4 Preparation of Cl 3 P 3 (C t Bu) 2 35211.6.5 Preparation of the triphospholide anion 35211.7 1,3,5-Triphosphabenzene 35211.7.1 Preparation of Cl 3 VN Bu 35311.7.2 Preparation of 1,3,5-triphospabenzene; P 3 (C t Bu) 3 353References 35312 P-chiral Ligands 355Jérôme Bayardon and Sylvain Jugé12.1 Introduction 35512.2 Designing P-chiral ligands using alcohols as chiral auxiliaries 35712.3 Designing P-chiral ligands using amino alcohols as chiral auxiliaries 36312.3.1 Synthesis starting from tricoordinated 1,3,2-oxazaphospholidines 36412.3.2 Synthesis starting from tetracoordinated 1,3,2-oxazaphospholidines 36512.3.3 Synthesis starting from 1,3,2-oxazaphospholidine borane complexes 36612.4 Designing of P-chiral ligands using amines as chiral auxiliaries 37712.4.1 Sparteine as chiral auxiliary 37712.4.2 α -Arylethylamines as chiral auxiliaries 38112.5 Conclusion 38112.6 Experimental procedures 383References 38513 Phosphatrioxa-adamantane Ligands 391Paul G. Pringle and Martin B. Smith13.1 Introduction 39113.2 Synthesis of phosphatrioxa-adamantanes 39313.3 Catalysis supported by phosphatrioxa-adamantane ligands 39513.3.1 Alkoxycarbonylation 39513.3.2 Hydroformylation and hydrocyanation 39713.3.3 Pd-catalysed coupling reactions 39913.3.4 Asymmetric hydrogenation 40013.4 Experimental procedures for phosphatrioxa-adamantanes ligands 40113.4.1 Preparation of CgPH 40113.4.2 Preparation of CgPH(BH 3) 40213.4.3 Preparation of CgPBr 40213.4.4 Preparation of CgPCH 2 Ch 2 CH PCg (L) 2 1 40213.4.5 Preparation of CgPPh (L 7) 402References 40214 Calixarene-based Phosphorus Ligands 405Angelica Marson, Piet W. N. M. van Leeuwen, and Paul C. J. Kamer14.1 Introduction 40514.2 Conformational properties 40714.3 Calixarene-based phosphorus ligands 40914.3.1 Phosphines and phosphinites 40914.3.2 Phosphites and phosphonites 41414.4 Applications in homogeneous catalysis 42214.5 Experimental procedures 424References 42515 Supramolecular Bidentate Phosphorus Ligands 427Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt and Joost N. H. Reek15.1 Introduction: general design principles 42715.2 Construction of bidentate phosphorus ligands via self-assembly 42915.2.1 H bonding 42915.2.2 Metal template assembly 44015.2.3 Ion templation 44515.3 Conclusions 44615.4 Experimental procedures 44715.4.1 General remarks 44715.4.2 Synthesis of UREAPhos 44715.4.3 Synthesis of METAMORPhos 44815.4.4 Synthesis of supraphos 450References 45916 Solid-phase Synthesis of Ligands 463Michiel C. Samuels, Bert H. G. Swennenhuis, and Paul C. J. Kamer16.1 Introduction 46316.2 Insoluble supports in ligand synthesis 46616.3 Soluble polymeric supports 47016.4 Supported ligands in catalysis 47216.5 Solid-phase synthesis of nonsupported ligands 47316.6 Conclusions and outlook 47516.7 Experimental procedures 476References 47817 Biological Approaches 481René den Heeten, Paul C. J. Kamer, and Wouter Laan17.1 Introduction 48117.2 Peptide-based phosphine ligands 48117.2.1 Solid-phase synthesis using phosphine-containing amino acids 48117.2.2 Functionalisation of peptides with phosphines 48517.3 Oligonucleotide-based phosphine ligands 48717.3.1 Covalent anchoring of phosphines to DNA 48717.4 Phosphine-based artificial metalloenzymes 48817.4.1 Supramolecular anchoring of phosphines to proteins 48917.4.2 Covalent anchoring of phosphines 49117.5 Conclusions and outlook 49217.6 Representative synthetic procedures 49317.6.1 Artificial hydrogenases based on the biotin–streptavidin technology 49317.6.2 Site-selective covalent modification of proteins with phosphines via hydrazone linkage 49417.7 Acknowledgments 495References 49518 The Design of Ligand Systems for Immobilisation in Novel Reaction Media 497Paul B. Webb and David J. Cole Hamilton18.1 Introduction 49718.2 Aqueous biphasic catalysis 49918.3 Fluorous biphasic catalysis 50318.4 Ionic liquids as reaction media 50718.5 Supercritical fluids as solvents in single and multiphasic reaction systems 51218.5.1 Biphasic systems based on CO 2 51618.6 Experimental section 51818.6.1 Trisodium salt of 3,3′,3″-phosphinetriylbenzenesulfonic acid (TPPTS) 51818.6.2 2,7-bis(SO 3 Na)-Xantphos 51918.6.3 Sulfonated BINAP 51918.6.4 Synthesis of Tris(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)phosphine 52018.6.5 Synthesis of Tris (4-tridecafluorohexylphenyl)phosphine 52018.6.6 (Meta-sulfonatophenyl)diphenylphosphine, sodium salt (monosulfonated triphenylphosphine, TPPMS) 52218.6.7 1-Propyl-3-methylimidazolium diphenyl(3-sulfonatophenyl)-phosphine ([PrMIM][TPPMS]) 52318.6.8 4,4′-Phosphorylated 2,2′-Bis(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,1′-binaphthyl 52318.6.9 Synthesis of (R)-6,6′-bis(perfluorohexyl)-2,2′ bis (diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl ((R)-Rf-BINAP) 524References 526Index 533