Claudia Voelckel is a genetics lecturer at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. She is investigating plant-insect interactions, ecological divergence and the adaptive potential of species in the New Zealand flora. Comparative transcriptomics and genome analyses are an important aspect of this work. Georg Jander is an associate professor at the Boyce Thompson Institute, an independent plant research institute on the campus of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Professor Jander’s research is focused on using genetic and biochemical approaches to identify molecular mechanisms of plant resistance to insect herbivores.

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• List of Contributors xvPreface xxiSection 1 Biochemistry of Insect-Plant Interactions1 Plants Recognize Herbivorous Insects by Complex Signalling Networks 1Gustavo Bonaventure1.1 Introduction 11.1.1 The feeding behaviour of insects is an important determinant of the plant’s defence response 11.1.2 Insect-associated elicitors are specific elicitors of plant responses to insect feeding or egg deposition 21.2 Resistance (R) genes in the perception of piercing-sucking insects 61.3 Modification of elicitors by plant enzymes 81.4 Changes in Vm, Ca2+influx and reactive oxygen intermediate generation are early cellular events induced in plants by insect feeding 91.5 Shared signal transduction components in microbe and insect elicitor perception 121.6 Regulation of phytohormone accumulation and signaling during insect feeding 141.6.1 Jasmonic acid 171.6.2 Ethylene 201.6.3 Salicylic acid 211.7 Interconnection of the phytohormone system in plants 221.8 Conclusions and perspectives 23Acknowledgements 24References 242 Herbivore Oral Secretions are the First Line of Protection Against Plant-Induced Defences 37Gary W. Felton, Seung Ho Chung, Maria Gloria Estrada Hernandez, Joe Louis, Michelle Peiffer and Donglan Tian2.1 Introduction 382.2 Origin of herbivore secretions and initiation of contact with the host plant 402.2.1 Piercing-sucking herbivores 412.2.2 Chewing herbivores 422.3 How do herbivores deliver effectors to the host plant? 452.4 Examples of HAMPs and effectors 462.4.1 Piercing-sucking herbivores 462.4.2 Chewing herbivores 492.5 Effectors and host targets 542.6 Effectors and the host plant diet 562.7 Metagenomes: The interkingdom crossroads of the host plant, herbivore, and microbiome 56Acknowledgements 62References 623 Insect Detoxification and Sequestration Strategies 77David G. Heckel3.1 Introduction 773.2 Diverse roles of insect cytochromes P450 783.2.1 Furanocoumarin detoxification by Papilio spp. and others 793.2.2 Monoterpene detoxification and pheromone biosynthesis in pine bark beetles 843.2.3 Gossypol and CYP6AE14 in Helicoverpa armigera 853.2.4 Cactophilic Drosophila and alkaloid detoxification 853.3 Cyanogenic glucosides 863.4 Glucosinolates 893.5 Oglucosides and leaf beetles 933.6 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids 973.7 Glycosylation of host plant compounds 993.8 Non-protein amino acids 1013.9 Iridoid glucosides 1023.10 Cardenolides 1033.11 Conclusions 106Acknowledgements 107References 1074 Plant Semiochemicals – Perception and Behavioural Responses by Insects 115Andreas Reinecke and Monika Hilker4.1 Introduction 1154.2 A semiochemical’s route to the neuron 1184.2.1 Surfing the surface – A matter of chemo-physical interaction 1204.2.2 Odorant binding proteins, chemosensory proteins 1224.2.3 Eliciting signals – Odorant receptors and sensory neuron responses to odorants 1234.2.4 The clean-up company – Odorant-degrading enzymes 1284.2.5 Odour perception – Summary 1284.3 Behavioural responses of insects to plant volatiles 1294.3.1 Biotic habitat factors influencing plant odour dispersal and insect orientation 1304.3.2 Biotic factors affecting plant odour emission 1314.3.3 ‘Wise’ responses to plant odours? The impact of odour experience on insect behaviour 1324.3.4 Sick insects and their responses to plant odour 1344.3.5 Age-dependency of insect responses to plant odour 1344.3.6 Adjusting the responses to plant odour according to the needs 1354.4 Conclusions 136References 137Section 2 Genetics and Genomics of Insect-Plant Interactions5 Plant Transcriptomic Responses to Herbivory 155Hanna M. Heidel-Fischer, Richard O. Musser and Heiko Vogel5.1 Introduction 1555.2 Mechanical wounding, feeding mode and HAMPs 1575.3 Wounding rates and salivary gland applications 1585.4 Responses to insects from different feeding guilds 1655.4.1 Chewing herbivores 1675.4.2 Piercing-sucking herbivores 1685.4.3 The pitfalls of the generalist-specialist paradigm 1715.5 A meta-analysis of microarray studies on transcriptomic responses to herbivory 1725.6 Simultaneous attack or multiple feeding 1765.7 Transcriptomics responses to herbivory – An outlook 1795.7.1 Open questions 1795.7.2 New tools and approaches 181Acknowledgements 182References 1826 Transcriptome Responses in Herbivorous Insects Towards Host Plant and Toxin Feeding 197Heiko Vogel, Richard O. Musser and Maria de la Paz Celorio-Mancera6.1 Introduction 1986.2 Challenges for insect herbivores and inducible responses 2006.2.1 Phytohormones 2026.2.2 Plant defensive chemicals – Toxins and deterrents 2056.2.3 Proteinaceous effectors 2106.2.4 Plant nutrients 2126.2.5 Whole plant, tissue and organ feeding 2146.2.6 Common expression signatures and specific differences 2156.3 Genomic responses to plant and toxin feeding – An outlook 2186.3.1 Open questions 2186.3.2 New tools and approaches 221Acknowledgements 223References 2237 Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plant Resistance to Insects 235Daniel J. Kliebenstein7.1 Introduction 2357.2 Metabolites 2387.2.1 Glucosinolates 2387.2.2 Maysin 2457.2.3 Tomato trichome chemistry 2457.2.4 Saponins 2467.3 Physical defences 2467.4 Signal transduction variation 2487.5 Physiology 2497.6 Why have genetic variation in defence? 2497.7 Summary 250References 252Section 3 Ecology and Evolution of Insect-Plant Interactions8 Costs of Resistance in Plants: From Theory to Evidence 263Don Cipollini, Dale Walters and Claudia Voelckel8.1 The cost-benefit paradigm 2638.1.1 Hypotheses of plant defence 2658.1.2 Why do plants have induced defences? 2728.2 Measuring fitness costs and benefits of plant defence traits 2768.2.1 Generating trait variation 2768.2.2 The empirical evidence for costs of resistance 2848.3 Ecologically relevant settings 2898.3.1 Competition 2908.3.2 Nutrient availability 2938.3.3 Multiple enemies 2948.3.4 Enemies vs. mutualists 2958.4 Conclusions 297References 2979 Plant-mediated Interactions Among Insects within a Community Ecological Perspective 309Erik H. Poelman and Marcel Dicke9.1 Introduction to plant-mediated species interactions 3099.1.1 Plant-based insect community structure 3099.1.2 Plant-mediated species interactions 3119.2 Plant-mediated species interactions among herbivores 3139.2.1 Specificity of plant responses to herbivores 3139.2.2 Asymmetric plant-mediated effects on herbivore performance 3149.2.3 Plant-mediated effects on herbivore oviposition 3159.3 Three trophic level interactions 3169.3.1 Attraction of natural enemies 3169.3.2 Herbivore diversity affects plant-mediated interactions with natural enemies 3189.4 Aboveground-belowground interactions 3199.5 Herbivore-pollinator interactions 3209.6 Plant-mediated species interactions in a community 3229.6.1 Plant-mediated interactions involving multiple herbivores 3229.6.2 Carnivores affecting plant-mediated interactions in communities 3259.6.3 Plant-mediated interactions beyond individual plants 3269.7 Synthesis in the context of plant fitness and future directions 327References 32910 The Altitudinal Niche-Breadth Hypothesis in Insect-Plant Interactions 339Sergio Rasmann, Nadir Alvarez and Löıc Pellissier10.1 Introduction – Variation of niche-breadth along ecological gradients 34010.2 Herbivorous insects, from specialists to generalists 34310.3 Evidence for an altitudinal gradient in niche-breadth and climatic variability 34410.3.1 Does environmental variability increase with increasing altitude? 34510.3.2 Does variability in host-plant population size increase with increasing altitude? 34610.4 The altitudinal niche-breadth paradigm 34810.4.1 Pollinators 34810.4.2 Herbivores, plant quality and plant defences 34910.4.3 Predator effects on herbivores 35010.5 Outlook – Other factors influencing altitudinal niche breadth evolution studies 35110.5.1 Phylogenetic constraints and correlated life-history traits 35110.5.2 Phylogeography 35210.5.3 Phytophagous insect abundance 35210.5.4 Range size 35310.5.5 Non-linear relationship along the altitudinal clines 35310.6 Conclusion 354Acknowledgements 354References 35411 Revisiting Plant-Herbivore Co-Evolution in the Molecular Biology Era 361Georg Jander11.1 Introduction 36111.2 Glucosinolates in the Brassicaceae 36311.3 Benzoxazinoids in the Poaceae 36511.4 Evolution from primary metabolism 36711.5 Convergent evolution of defence pathways 36811.6 Rapid adaptation through modular biosynthetic pathways 37011.7 Specialist herbivores have evolved to detoxify secondary metabolites 37111.8 Costs of plant resistance 37211.9 Molecular phylogenetic evidence for co-evolution 37411.10 The benefits of metabolic pathway co-regulation 37411.11 Modification of secondary metabolites as a form of defensive priming 37511.12 Use of secondary metabolites as defensive signals 37711.13 Conclusion and future prospects 378References 379Index 385