Lobsters

Bruce Phillips is based at the Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia and is highly regarded for his work in the area of fisheries and aquaculture with a focus on invertebrates.

“The volume’s 15 contributors represent considerable expertise, so the book is an authoritative resource on lobster life history and management.  Summing Up: Highly recommended.  Graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals.”  (Choice, 1 November 2013)

• Contributors xi Preface xivChapter 1 Lobsters as Part of Marine Ecosystems – A Review 1Bruce F. Phillips, Richard A. Wahle and Trevor J. Ward1.1 Introduction 11.2 Species overviews 31.2.1 Western rock (spiny) lobster Panulirus cygnus 31.2.2 The American lobster Homarus americanus 71.3 How far have we come in thinking about lobsters as part of the ecosystem? 111.3.1 Panulirus cygnus 111.3.2 Homarus americanus 151.4 Human role in ecosystem dynamics 181.4.1 Institutional structures 181.4.2 Direct effects of management 191.4.3 Indirect effects – top-down forcing by predator removal 201.4.4 Indirect effects – bottom-up forcing by bait subsidies 211.4.5 Climate change impacts 211.5 Single species to ecosystem management – how far have we come? 221.5.1 Panulirus cygnus 231.5.2 Homarus americanus 261.6 Implications for management and research 271.6.1 Top-down, bottom-up ecology 271.6.2 Inclusive governance systems 271.6.3 Stock rebuilding strategies 281.6.4 Environmental drivers of settlement patterns 281.6.5 Historical ecosystem structure 291.7 Conclusions 29References 30Chapter 2 Genetics of Wild and Captive Lobster Populations 36W. Jason Kennington, Roy Melville-Smith and Oliver Berry2.1 Introduction 362.2 Population structure 372.2.1 Chaotic genetic patchiness 392.2.2 Post-glaciation demographic expansions 392.3 Species identifi cation 402.4 Applications of species identifi cation and DNA barcoding to lobster research and management 412.4.1 DNA surveillance of product substitution and cross-contamination 412.4.2 Identification of wild lobsters 412.4.3 Charactering lobster diets 422.4.4 DNA-based methods typically employed for species identifi cation 432.4.5 Polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism 432.4.6 Melt-curve analysis 442.4.7 Species-specifi c polymerase chain reaction 442.5 Variation in reproductive success 452.6 Genetic effects of harvesting 462.6.1 Fishing-induced evolution 462.6.2 Impacting genetic diversity 502.7 Considerations for aquaculture and stock enhancement 502.7.1 Aquaculture 502.7.2 Stock enhancement 512.8 Conclusions and future directions 52References 54Chapter 3 Enhancement of Lobster Fisheries to Improve Yield and Value 64Bridget S. Green, Caleb Gardner and Gro I. van der Meeren3.1 Introduction 643.1.1 What is enhancement? 643.1.2 The motivation for enhancement 653.2 Monitoring the outcomes of enhancement operations 673.2.1 Growth and reproduction 683.2.2 Survival/changes to natural mortality 683.2.3 Displacement and integration of released lobsters 693.2.4 Habitat and predator change 693.3 Economic and policy issues 703.3.1 Economic feasibility 703.3.2 Optimal management of harvests with enhancement 713.3.3 Ownership, policy and risk 723.4 Case studies 733.4.1 Clawed lobster restocking 733.4.2 Range extension of American lobster to Europe 743.4.3 Improving yield in Southern rock lobster: translocating low quality adults 743.5 Conclusions 75References 75Chapter 4 The Impact of Climate Change on Exploited Lobster Stocks 84Nick Caputi, Simon de Lestang, Stuart Frusher and Richard A. Wahle4.1 Introduction 844.2 Case studies 854.2.1 Western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus) 854.2.2 Southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) 894.2.3 American lobster (Homarus americanus) 924.3 Other lobster species 984.3.1 Caribbean lobster (Panulirus argus) 984.3.2 Southern African west coast rock lobster (Jasus lalandii) 984.3.3 Hawaiian lobster (Panulirus marginatus) 994.3.4 Japanese lobster (Panulirus japonicus) 994.3.5 Californian lobster (Panulirus interruptus) 1004.3.6 Pronghorn spiny lobster (Panulirus pencillatus) 1004.3.7 European lobster (Homarus gammarus) 1004.3.8 Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) 1014.4 Discussion 1014.4.1 Climate change effect type 1014.4.2 Sensitivity to environmental effects 1014.4.3 Climate change effects 1024.4.4 Implications for stock assessment 1044.4.5 Implications for management 1044.4.6 Risk assessment approach to assess vulnerability 1054.5 Conclusions and future research 105References 106Chapter 5 Systems to Maximize Economic Benefits in Lobster Fisheries 113Caleb Gardner, Sherry Larkin and Juan Carlos Seijo5.1 Introduction 1135.2 Economic concepts used in lobster fi shery management 1145.2.1 Net economic benefits 1145.2.2 Economic targets and performance measures 1155.2.3 Economic modelling 1165.3 Lobster fishery management systems 1185.3.1 Limited entry 1185.3.2 Effort limitation 1185.3.3 Quota management 1215.3.4 Territorial use rights 1235.4 Resource sharing and allocation of lobster stocks 1245.4.1 Recreational and commercial sectors 1245.4.2 Customary harvests 1255.4.3 Non-extractive users 1265.4.4 Dividing catches between nations 1265.4.5 Managing conflicting objectives 1275.5 Developing issues in lobster fishery economics 1285.5.1 Rights-based management systems 1285.5.2 Multiple species and ecosystem interactions 1285.5.3 Marine protected areas 1295.5.4 Climate change 1305.6 Conclusions 131References 132Chapter 6 Lobster Ecolabelling 139Trevor J Ward and Bruce F Phillips6.1 Introduction 1396.1.1 What is ecolabelling? 1426.1.2 Global context 1466.2 Ecolabelling objectives 1476.2.1 Consumers 1476.2.2 Retailers and wholesalers 1486.2.3 Fishing and aquaculture industry 1496.2.4 Non-government organizations 1496.2.5 Governments 1506.2.6 Developing countries 1516.3 Comparative performance assessment 1526.3.1 Criteria 1526.3.2 Assessing performance 1556.4 Ecolabelled lobsters 1586.4.1 Panulirus cygnus (Australia) 1586.4.2 Homarus americanus (Canada) 1616.4.3 Homarus gammarus (France, UK) 1636.4.4 Panulirus interruptus (Mexico) 1666.5 Conclusions 1686.5.1 Management issues 1696.5.2 Stock issues 1706.5.3 Environmental impacts 1716.5.4 Developing countries 1736.5.5 Successful certification and ecolabelling of lobsters 174Appendix 175Example Aquaculture Criteria and Grades: ecological performance and sustainability stringency 175References 182Chapter 7 Essential Habitats for Panulirus Spiny Lobsters 186Patricia Briones-Fourzán and Enrique Lozano-Álvarez7.1 Introduction 1867.2 Essential habitats for ontogenetic shifters 1897.2.1 Nursery and juvenile habitats 1897.2.2 Adult and breeding habitats 1927.2.3 Foraging habitats 1937.3 Habitat specialists 1947.4 Coexisting species: interspecific trade-offs 1967.5 Global and local threats to habitats used by Panulirus lobsters 1987.5.1 Fishing practices 1987.5.2 Coastal development 1997.5.3 Climate change and ocean acidification 1997.5.4 Potential effects of habitat loss 2007.6 Habitat management 2007.6.1 Marine protected areas 2007.6.2 Corollary: marine reserves and invasive species 2027.6.3 Habitat enhancement 2027.6.4 Casitas and the controversy over their use 2037.6.5 Corollary: habitat enhancement and disease transmission 2047.7 Conclusions 205References 206Chapter 8 Homarus 221Richard A. Wahle, Kathleen M. Castro, Oliver Tully and J. Stanley Cobb8.1 Introduction 2218.2 Species overview 2228.3 Life-history overview 2248.4 Growth and age 2258.4.1 Components of growth 2258.4.2 Age determination 2278.5 Maturation 2288.5.1 Size at onset of maturity 2288.5.2 Clutch size and fecundity 2308.6 Larval and pre-settlement dynamics 2308.7 Postlarval settlement and benthic recruitment 2318.7.1 Settlement indices 2318.7.2 Settler – fishery recruit relationship 2338.8 Meta-population structure 2338.9 Post-settlement mortality sources 2358.9.1 Predators and habitat-mediated survival bottlenecks 2358.9.2 Evidence of density-dependence 2368.9.3 Disease 2368.10 Homarus in a changing ecosystem 2398.10.1 Global climate change effects 2398.10.2 Altered food webs 2408.11 Harvest and management of wild populations 2408.11.1 Gear type and methods 2408.11.2 Commercial exploitation 2418.11.3 Fishery management 2428.12 Mariculture and population enhancement 2448.12.1 Mariculture 2448.12.2 Stock enhancement 2448.12.3 Habitat enhancement 2458.13 Conclusions and future research 246References 247Chapter 9 Jasus and Sagmariasus Species 259Andrew G. Jeffs, Caleb Gardner and Andy Cockcroft9.1 Species and distribution 2599.2 Reproduction, life history and growth 2619.3 Ecology and behaviour 2659.4 Predators and disease 2679.5 Population dynamics 2679.6 Harvest of wild populations and their regulation 2689.6.1 South Africa and Namibia 2699.6.2 Australia 2709.6.3 New Zealand 2719.6.4 Other Jasus fi sheries 2729.7 Aquaculture 2749.8 Marine protected areas 2759.9 Managing ecosystem effects of fi shing 2769.10 Conclusions 277References 277Chapter 10 Panulirus Species 289Bruce F. Phillips, Roy Melville-Smith Matthew C. Kay and Armando Vega-Velázquez10.1 Species and distribution 28910.2 Life history, growth and reproduction 29010.3 Predators and diseases 29110.4 Ecology and behaviour 29210.5 Population dynamics and regulation 29310.6 Harvest of wild populations and their regulations 29310.6.1 Australia and Papua New Guinea 29310.6.2 Cuba 30010.6.3 USA (Florida) 30210.6.4 Brazil 30410.6.5 Baja California Mexico and California USA 30510.6.6 India 31010.6.7 Kenya and Somalia 31110.6.8 Indonesia 31110.6.9 Japan 31110.7 Aquaculture and enhancement 31210.7.1 Aquaculture 31210.7.2 Enhancement 31410.8 Management and conservation 31410.9 Conclusions 315References 315Chapter 11 Palinurus Species 326Johan C. Groeneveld, Raquel Goñi and David Díaz11.1 Introduction 32711.2 Species and distribution 32711.2.1 Present-day distributions 32711.2.2 Effects of climate change on past distribution patterns 32711.3 Biology and ecology 32911.3.1 Reproductive biology 32911.3.2 Larval dispersal patterns and recruitment of pueruli 33211.3.3 Moulting and growth 33611.3.4 Population structure, size composition and sex ratios 33811.3.5 Migrations and movement 33911.3.6 Predators, defence and natural mortality 34011.3.7 Diet 34111.4 Molecular phylogeny and evolution 34111.5 Harvest of wild populations 34211.5.1 Palinurus elephas 34211.5.2 Palinurus mauritanicus 34311.5.3 Palinurus charlestoni 34411.5.4 Palinurus gilchristi 34411.5.5 Palinurus delagoae 34411.5.6 Palinurus barbarae 34611.6 Protection and enhancement 34611.6.1 Marine Protected Areas 34611.6.2 Enhancement 34711.7 Monitoring and management 34711.7.1 Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean fi sheries 34711.7.2 Southwest Indian Ocean fisheries 34811.8 Conclusions 349References 349Chapter 12 Nephrops Species 357Mike Bell, Ian Tuck and Helen Dobby12.1 Introduction 35712.2 Species and distribution 35712.3 Life history 36112.3.1 Growth 36112.3.2 Reproduction 36412.3.3 Food and feeding 36912.3.4 Activity patterns 37112.4 Population dynamics 37512.4.1 Population structure 37512.4.2 Mortality 37712.4.3 Population regulation 38212.5 Harvest of wild populations 38312.5.1 Fishing methods 38312.5.2 Catchability 38812.5.3 Catches 38912.6 Monitoring and management 38912.6.1 Management measures and structures 38912.6.2 Stock assessments 39112.6.3 Status of stocks 395References 396Chapter 13 Commercial Scyllarids 414Ehud Spanier and Kari L. Lavalli13.1 Introduction 41413.2 Taxonomy and systematic hierarchy 41513.2.1 Features of the genera 41513.2.2 Species and distribution 41613.3 Anatomy 42613.4 Life history 42913.4.1 Phyllosoma 43013.4.2 Nistos 43113.4.3 Juveniles 43213.4.4 Adults 43413.5 Behaviour 43613.5.1 Feeding behaviour 43613.5.2 Sheltering behaviour and substrate preferences 44013.5.3 Predators and antipredator behaviour 44213.5.4 Mating behaviour 44413.5.5 Movement patterns 44513.6 Diseases 44913.7 Harvest of wild populations 45013.7.1 Thenus spp. fishery 45113.7.2 Ibacus alticrenatus fishery 45113.7.3 Ibacus brucei fishery 45113.7.4 Ibacus chacei fishery 45113.7.5 Ibacus ciliatus fishery 45213.7.6 Ibacus peronii fishery 45213.7.7 Parribacus spp. fisheries 45213.7.8 Scyllarides aequinoctialis fishery 45213.7.9 Scyllarides astori fishery 45213.7.10 Scyllarides deceptor fishery 45313.7.11 Scyllarides latus fi shery 45313.7.12 Scyllarides nodifer fishery 45313.7.13 Scyllarides obtusus fishery 45413.7.14 Scyllarides squammosus fishery 45413.7.15 Fishery concerns 45413.8 Aquaculture and restocking 45513.9 Summary 456References 456Chapter 14 Conclusions 467Bruce F. PhillipsReferences 468Index 471Colour plate section between pp. 130 and 131