Software Defined Radio

Walter Tuttlebee, chief executive of the Virtual Centre of Excellence in Mobile & Personal Communications – Mobile VCE, heads up a unique, not-for-profit company established by the mobile communications industry and academia to undertake long-term, industry-steered, world-class, collaborative research www.mobilevce.com. Mobile VCE's activities include software radio research, an area Walter helped to pioneer in Europe in the mid-1990s, with invited presentations at seminal European conferences organized by the European Commission and the SDR Forum. He has subsequently published and spoken widely in the field. Prior to Mobile VCE Walter led R&D teams in Second and Third generation mobile communications. Aside from his technical interests, Walter previously operated in a business development role and at Mobile VCE he is responsible to the Board for the company's strategy and operations.Walter has also edited books on short range digital wireless, and created on-line industry communities for DECT, Bluetooth and software radio – www.dectweb.org, www.the wirelessdirectory.org, www.softwaredefineradion.He holds an MBA from Cranfield and PhD from Southampton University, is a senior member of the IEEE, a fellow of the IEE and fellow of the RSA.

• List of Contributors xiiiForeword - by Dr Joseph Mitola iii xviiAbbreviations xixBiographies xxviiIntroduction xxxvPart I: Perspective 11 Software Based Radio 3Stephen Blust – Cingular Wireless1.1 A Multi-Dimensional Model Sets the Stage 31.2 What is Software Based Radio 51.2.1 Software Defined Radio and Software Radio 51.2.2 Adaptive Intelligent Software Radio and Other Definitions 81.2.3 Functionality, Capability and SBR Evolution 101.3 Architectural Perspectives for a Software Based Radio 111.3.1 The Radio Implementer plane 111.3.2 The Network Operator plane 121.4 Software Radio Concepts 131.5 Adoption Timeframes for Software Based Radio 151.6 Realization of Software Based Radio Requires New Technology 171.7 Power/Performance/Price Limitations of Handsets Dictates Inflexible Networks 171.8 Regulatory Concepts Facilitate SBR Introduction 181.9 Conclusions 20Acknowledgements 21References 21Part II: Front End Technology 232 Radio Frequency Translation for Software Defined Radio 25Mark Beach, Paul Warr & John MacLeod - University of Bristol2.1 Requirements and Specifications 262.1.1 Transmitter Specifications 262.1.2 Receiver Specifications 272.1.3 Operating Frequency Bands 272.2 Receiver Design Considerations 302.2.1 Basic Considerations 302.2.2 Receiver Architectures 322.2.3 Dynamic Range Issues and Calculation 352.2.4 Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) and Noise Power Ratio (NPR) 412.2.5 Receiver Signal Budget 422.2.6 Image Rejection 452.2.7 Filter Functions within the Receiver 472.3 Transmitter Design Considerations 472.3.1 Filtering Analogies between Receiver and Transmitter 472.3.2 Transmitter Architectures 482.3.3 Transmitter Efficiency and Linearity 502.4 Candidate Architectures for SDR 562.4.1 Zero IF Receivers 562.4.2 Quadrature Local Oscillator 592.4.3 Variable Preselect Filters 612.4.4 Low IF Receivers 662.5 Conclusions 70Acknowledgements 71References 71Appendix 733 Radio Frequency Front End Implementations for Multimode SDRs 79Mark Cummings - enVia3.1 Evolution of Radio Systems 803.2 Evolution of RF Front Ends – Superheterodyne Architecture 833.3 The AN2/6 Product Family – Dual Band, Six Mode 853.3.1 The AN2/6 Architecture 863.3.2 Lessons Learned From the AN2/ 6 883.4 Alternative RF Front End Architectures 933.4.1 Direct Conversion RF Front Ends 933.4.2 Pure Digital RF Front Ends 963.4.3 Analog Digital Combination Solutions 963.4.4 Directions for a Completely Successful SDR RF Front End 973.5 Conclusion 98Acknowledgements 98References 984 Data Conversion in Software Defined Radios 99Brad Brannon, Chris Cloninger, Dimitrios Efstathiou, Paul Hendriks, Zoran Zvonar – AnalogDevices4.1 The Importance of Data Converters in Software Defined Radios 994.1.1 ADCs for SDR Base Stations 1004.1.2 ADCs for SDR Handsets 1014.1.3 DACs for SDR Applications 1014.2 Converter Architectures 1024.2.1 Flash Converters 1024.2.2 Multistage Converters 1044.2.3 Sigma-Delta Converters 1054.2.4 Digital-to-Analog Converters 1074.3 Converter Performance Impact on SDR 1094.3.1 Noise Sources – Impact on SDR Sensitivity 1094.3.2 SNR of Data Converter 1124.3.3 Spurious Impact on Performance 1144.3.4 Digital-to-Analog Converter Specification 1214.4 Conclusions and Future Trends 123References 1255 Superconductor Microelectronics: A Digital RF Technology for Software Radios 127Darren K. Brock – HYPRES, Inc.5.1 Introduction 1275.1.1 Superconductivity and the Josephson Effect 1285.1.2 Established Applications of Superconductors 1305.1.3 Emerging Applications - Software Defined Radio 1315.2 Rapid Single Flux Quantum Digital Logic 1325.2.1 Circuit Characteristics 1325.2.2 Example RSFQ Logic Gate - RS Flip Flop 1345.2.3 RSFQ Data Converters 1355.2.4 RSFQ Scaling theory 1385.3 Cryogenic Aspects 1395.4 Superconductor SDR for Commercial Applications 1405.4.1 Superconductors in Wireless Communications 1405.4.2 Advantages of Superconductor Receivers 1415.4.3 Trends in Spread Spectrum Communications 1435.4.4 High Power Amplifier Linearization 1455.4.5 Digital RF Transceiver 1455.5 Superconductor SDR for Military Applications 1465.5.1 Co-Site Interference 1465.5.2 Digitally Dehopping Spread Spectrum Signals 1475.5.3 Satellite Communications 1485.5.4 Accommodating New Waveforms 1485.5.5 Massive Time Multiplexing 1495.6 Conclusions 149Acknowledgements 149References 1506 The Digital Front End: Bridge Between RF and Baseband Processing 151Gerhard Fettweis & Tim Hentschel – Technische Universität Dresden6.1 Introduction 1516.1.1 The Front End of a Digital Transceiver 1516.1.2 Signal Characteristics 1536.1.3 Implementation Issues 1556.2 The Digital Front End 1556.2.1 Functionalities of the Digital Front End 1556.2.2 The Digital Front End in Mobile Terminals and Base Stations 1576.3 Digital Up- and Down-Conversion 1586.3.1 Initial Thoughts 1586.3.2 Theoretical Aspects 1586.3.3 Implementation Aspects 1616.3.4 The CORDIC Algorithm 1636.3.5 Digital Down-Conversion with the CORDIC Algorithm 1656.3.6 Digital Down-Conversion by Subsampling 1656.4 Channel Filtering 1676.4.1 Low-Pass Filtering after Digital Down-Conversion 1676.4.2 Band-Pass Filtering before Digital Down-Conversion 1726.4.3 Filterbank Channelizers 1756.5 Sample Rate Conversion 1816.5.1 Resampling after Reconstruction 1816.5.2 Rational Factor SRC 1846.5.3 Integer Factor SRC 1856.5.4 Concepts for SRC 1856.5.5 Systems for SRC 1876.6 Example 1926.6.1 Design Parameters 1926.6.2 Digital Down-Conversion 1936.6.3 Sample Rate Conversion 1936.6.4 Channel Filtering 1946.6.5 Summary 1966.7 Conclusion 196Acknowledgements 197References 197Part III: Baseband Technology 1997 Baseband Processing for SDR 201David Lund - HW Communications Ltd & Bahram Honary - Lancaster University7.1 The Role of Baseband Architectures 2017.2 Software Radio – From Silicon to Software 2027.3 Baseband Component Technologies 2067.3.1 Digital Signal Processors 2087.3.2 Field Programmable Gate Arrays 2107.3.3 Recent Digital Developments 2147.3.4 Reconfigurable Analog Components 2157.3.5 Component Technology Evolution 2167.4 Design Tools and Methodologies 2177.4.1 Design Tool Concepts – an Analogy 2187.4.2 ASIC Design 2197.4.3 FPGA Design 2207.4.4 Future Design Flows and Tools 2217.5 System Design and Maintenance 2237.5.1 Object Orientation 2237.5.2 Distributed Resource Management in SDR Processors 2247.6 Conclusions 230References and Further Reading 2318 Parametrization – a Technique for SDR Implementation 233Friedrich Jondral - University of Karlsruhe8.1 Definitions 2348.2 Adaptability 2358.3 Parametrization of Standards 2368.3.1 Second Generation – Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) 2368.3.2 Second Generation - IS-136 (DAMPS) 2388.3.3 Third Generation – Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) 2408.4 Parametrization Example 2468.4.1 A General Modulator 2478.4.2 Effects of GMSK Linearization 2518.5 Signal Processing Issues 2548.5.1 DSP Capabilities and Limitations 2548.5.2 FPGA Capabilities 2558.6 Conclusions 255References 2569 Adaptive Computing IC Technology for 3G Software-Defined Mobile Devices 257Paul Master & Bob Plunkett – QuickSilver Technology9.1 Software Defined Radio – A Solution for Mobile Devices 2579.1.1 Evolution of Wireless Standards 2589.1.2 Market Forces Driving SDR for Wireless Devices 2609.2 The Mobile Application Space and the Need for Processing Power 2619.2.1 Processing Needs of the 3G Air Interface 2619.2.2 Processing Needs of Mobile Vocoders 2629.2.3 Processing Needs of Mobile Video 2639.3 SDR Baseband Processing – The Implementation Dilemma 2659.3.1 Limitations of Conventional IC Technologies 2669.3.2 Resolving the Dilemma 2679.4 Trade-Offs of Conventional IC Technologies 2679.4.1 Limitations of Microprocessor and DSP Implementations 2689.4.2 Limitations of ASIC Implementations 2709.4.3 Limitations of FPGA Implementations 2719.5 Hardware with Software Programmability 2719.5.1 Adaptive Computing Technology 2729.5.2 The ACM Implementation 2739.5.3 Design Tools for Adaptive Computing 2759.6 The Computational Power Efficiency Required by 3G Algorithms 2779.7 Example Case Studies and Benchmarks 2789.7.1 CDMA Rake Receiver 2789.7.2 FIR and IIR Filtering 2799.7.3 Vocoder 2809.7.4 Multimedia – MPEG-4 Implementation 2849.8 Conclusions 2869.9 Looking to 4G and Beyond 287References 288Part IV: Software Technology 28910 Software Engineering for Software Radios: Experiences at MIT and Vanu, Inc. 291John Chapin – Vanu, Inc.10.1 Overview of Vanu Systems 29210.1.1 Representative Implementations 29310.1.2 Difference from Other Software Radios 29410.2 The Importance of Software in Software Radio 29510.3 Software Portability 29510.3.1 The Effects of Moore’s Law 29610.3.2 Exploiting Moore’s Law 29710.3.3 Generic Data Path 29710.3.4 Temporal Decoupling 29810.4 Commodity PC Hardware 30010.5 Signal Processing Software 30010.5.1 Data Pull 30010.5.2 Signal Processing Stages as Objects 30110.5.3 Stream Abstraction 30210.5.4 Out of Band Communication 30310.6 Control Software 30310.6.1 Code Generation 30310.6.2 Radio Description Language 30410.7 Performance 30710.8 Future Directions 308Acknowledgements 309References 30911 Software Download for Mobile Terminals 311Paul Bucknell & Steve Pitchers - Philips Research Laboratories11.1 Why Software Download? 31211.1.1 Software Reconfiguration 31211.1.2 Software Downloading Terminals 31211.1.3 Downloading New Air Interfaces 31411.2 Downloading Technologies for SDR 31411.2.1 Granularity 31511.2.2 Component Communication and Binding 31611.2.3 Content Function 31611.2.4 Installation 31711.2.5 Terminal Wide Aspects 31711.2.6 Version Management 31711.3 Standards for Downloading 31711.3.1 Mobile Standards - 2G/3G Cellular 31811.3.2 Software Standards 31811.4 Seamless Upgrading ‘On the Fly’ 32011.5 Security of Download 32111.5.1 Secure Downloading of Applications 32111.5.2 Secure Downloading of Native Software 32211.6 Software Architectures for Download 32311.7 Software Download Today - Digital TV 32511.8 ‘Over the Air’, ‘On the Fly’ Reconfiguration: A Practical Example 32611.8.1 Architecture 32711.8.2 Basic Operation 32811.8.3 Example Reconfigurations 32811.8.4 Reconfiguration Manager 33011.8.5 Reconfiguration Procedure 33411.9 Future Applications of SDR Downloading 336Acknowledgements 337References 33712 Protocols and Network Aspects of SDR 339Klaus Moessner – Surrey University & Mobile VCE12.1 Protocol Stacks: SAPs vs Reconfigurability 33912.1.1 Service Provision via Service Access Points 34012.1.2 Protocol Configuration and Reconfiguration 34112.1.3 Interfaces vs SAPs 34212.2 Approaches to Protocol Stack Reconfiguration 34312.2.1 Protocols and Protocol Stacks 34312.2.2 Modular Approaches: Adaptive, Composable & Reconfigurable Protocols 34412.2.3 Active Networks 34912.3 Reconfiguration Management And Control 35112.3.1 The Scope of Reconfiguration Management 35212.3.2 Requirements of a Management Architecture 35412.3.3 Management Architecture Implications 35712.4 Network Support for Software Radios 35812.4.1 The Network Access and Connectivity Channel 35812.4.2 The Bootstrap Channel 35912.4.3 A Global or Universal Control Channel 35912.4.4 The Interconnected Seamless Network 36012.5 Conclusions 363References 36313 The Waveform Description Language 365Edward Willink – Thales Research13.1 The Specification Problem 36613.2 WDL Overview 36713.2.1 Decomposition 36713.2.2 Communication 36713.2.3 Influences 36913.2.4 Hierarchical Diagrams 37113.3 FM3TR Example 37413.3.1 Protocol Layers 37413.3.2 Physical Layer Modules 37513.3.3 Physical Layer Finite State Machine 37613.3.4 Voice and Data Finite State Machines 37713.3.5 Hop Modulator 37813.3.6 Hop Waveform 37813.3.7 Rise Modulator 37913.3.8 Summary 38113.4 Refinement to an Implementation 38113.4.1 Traditional Development Process 38213.4.2 Refinement Process 38213.4.3 Automation 38513.4.4 The Reference Model 38613.4.5 Target Environments 38713.5 WDL Details 38813.5.1 Type Abstractions 38813.5.2 Scheduling Abstractions 38913.5.3 Unified Scheduling Model 39113.5.4 Leaf Specifications 39313.6 A Practical WDL Support Environment 39413.7 Conclusions 396Acknowledgements 397References 397Index 399