Encyclopedia of Actuarial Science, 3 Volume Set

Jozef L. Teugels was born in Londerzeel (Belgium) on February 20, 1939. After obtaining the licence degree in Mathematics at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in 1963, he received both his M.Sc. (1966) and his Ph.D. (1967) at Purdue University, USA. He then joined the KULeuven as Assistant Professor in 1967 and Full Professor in 1973. He has held visiting positions at different universities in particular at Cambridge (UK), University of British Columbia (Canada), University of North-Carolina (USA), University of California at Santa Barbara (USA), Australian National University, and Keio University (Japan). He taught probability, statistics and stochastic modeling to majors in mathematics, physics, chemistry, agriculture, social sciences and actuarial science.He coauthored four books and some 100 papers in the statistical literature. His main research areas started with queueing theory and analytic probability to move gradually to stochastic and statistical issues in insurance, extreme value analysis and environmetrics. He acts as associate editor of Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, the Journals of Applied Probability, the Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics, Extremes, Environmetrics. He is now editor-in-chief of Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry. He has been section editor of the Encyclopedia of Environmetrics, Wiley.During the period 1975-85 he was Scientific Secretary of the Bernoulli Society of which he became the President in 1995-97. He has been on a variety of scientific and organizing committees. He is a member of the Belgian Mathematical Society, the Belgian Statistical Association, the London Mathematical Society and he became fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in 1985. Being also a member of the International Statistical Institute, he acted as its Vice-president in 2001-2003.Bjørn Sundt has a cand.real. in statistics from the University of Oslo and a dr.sc.math. from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich. He has had positions in actuarial science at various universities and worked as actuary in Oslo in insurance supervision, non-life insurance, reinsurance, life assurance, and consulting (mainly as appointed actuary for smaller non-life insurance companies). Since 1999, he works as actuary on group pension schemes for the Norwegian life assurance company Vital Forsikring ASA. His main research areas are credibility theory and recursive methods for aggregate claims distributions. He has written a text-book An Introduction to Non-Life Insurance Mathematics.

"...another stunning effort on part of this centuries-old publisher...a timeless resource...although we are recommending it for library consideration, professional actuaries and accountants...will be well served to reference this material in the daily course of their work." (Electric Review, June/July 2005) "...an authoritative resource for the actuarial profession..." (Financial Advisor, 27 May 2004)"...a timely and comprehensive body of knowledge designed to serve as an essential reference for the actuarial profession and in all related business and financial activities." (Zeitschrift fur die Gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft, No.4, 2004)"...the profession should surely congratulate and thank the many contributors to the encyclopaedia, as well as its editors-in-chief..." (Actuary, 1st January 2006)

• Absolute-pollution ExclusionAbuseAccident InsuranceAccountingAccrual RateAccrued Benefits Funding MethodsAccumulation UnitsActuarial Control CycleActuarial EstimateActuarial FundingActuarial Institute of the Republic of ChinaActuarial LiabilityActuarial Research Clearing House (ARCH)Actuarial Society of AmericaActuarial Society of GhanaActuarial Society of Hong KongActuarial Surplus/DeficiencyActuaryAdjusting and Other ExpenseAdjustment CoefficientAdult Polycystic Kidney DiseaseAdverse SelectionAffine Models of the Term Structure of Interest RatesAFIRAgents BalancesAge-to-age FactorsAggregate LimitAggregate Loss ModelingAggregate MethodAircraft Products LiabilityAktuarvereinigung Österreichs (Austrian Actuarial Association)ALAEAlleleAllocation RateAlternative Risk TransferAmerican Academy of ActuariesAmerican Risk and Insurance Association (ARIA)American Society of Pension ActuariesAmmeter ProcessAmmeter, Hans (1912–1986)Analysis of SurplusAnnual Aggregate DeductibleAnnual Aggregate LimitAnnual StatementsAnnuitiesAnnuity CertainAnnuity DueAntiselection, Life InsuranceAntiselection, Non-lifeAppointed ActuaryApportionable PremiumApproximating the Aggregate Claims DistributionAquaculture InsuranceAR, ARMA ProcessArbitrage Pricing ModelArbitrageARCH ModelArgentina, Actuarial AssociationsArrow–Pratt IndexAsociación Mexicana de Actuarios ConsultoresAsociación Mexicana de ActuariosAssessmentismAsset AllocationAsset ManagementAsset SharesAsset–Liability ModelingAssets in Pension FundsAssociation of Actuaries and Financial AnalystsAssociation Royale des Actuaires BelgesASTINAttachment PointAttained Age MethodAuditAutomobile Insurance, CommercialAutomobile Insurance, PrivateAvalancheAviation InsuranceBühlmann–Straub ModelBackground RiskBailey, Arthur L. (1905–1954)Bailey–Simon MethodBalance SheetBalducci AssumptionBankruptcyBayesian Claims ReservingBayesian StatisticsBeard, Robert Eric (1911–1983)Beekman's Convolution FormulaBenktander DistributionBernoulli DistributionBernoulli FamilyBerry–Esséen InequalityBeta DistributionBeta FunctionBeveridge SystemBiasBid BondBid–Ask SpreadBid–offer SpreadBinomial DistributionBinomial ModelBismarck SystemBlack–Scholes ModelBlue Water HullBonus HungerBonus in Life and Pension InsuranceBonus Reserve ValuationBonus Smoothing AccountBonus–Malus SystemsBorch, Karl Henrik (1919–1986)Borch's TheoremBordereauxBorel–Cantelli LemmaBornhuetter–Ferguson MethodBowers' Gamma ApproximationBrace–Gatarek–Musiela ApproximationBrazilian Institute of Actuaries (IBA)Break-even PointBreslau TableBritish Actuarial JournalBrownian MotionBudget Ultimate LossesBundlingBurglary InsuranceBurning CostBurr DistributionBusiness Interruption InsuranceBuy-up PolicyC1–C4 RisksCafeteria PlansCanadian Institute of ActuariesCape Cod MethodCapital Allocation for P&C Insurers: A Survey of MethodsCapital Asset Pricing ModelsCapital in Life AssuranceCapital UnitsCaptivesCargo InsuranceCase ReserveCash Balance PlansCash Flow StatementCasualty Actuarial SocietyCasualty InsuranceCatastrophe DerivativesCatastrophe Excess of LossCatastrophe Models and Catastrophe LoadsCaveat EmptorCBNI ReserveCBNS ReserveCedeCeilingCensored DistributionsCensoringCensus MethodCentral Limit TheoremCentral Mortality RateCeska spolecnost aktuaruChain-Ladder MethodChange of MeasureCharacteristic FunctionChina, Development of Actuarial ScienceChromosomeChurningClaim Expense LiabilitiesClaim FrequencyClaim Number ProcessesClaim Size ProcessesClaims InflationClaims ReserveClaims Reserving in Non-Life InsuranceClaims Reserving using Credibility MethodsClaims-made Basis in ReinsuranceClaims-made Policy in Direct InsuranceClash LayerClosed ClaimClusteringCoastal HullCoefficient of VariationCohortCoinsuranceCol•legi d'Actuaris de CatalunyaColegio Nacional de ActuariosCollective Investment (Pooling)Collective Risk ModelsCollective Risk TheoryCombinatoricsCombined RatioComité Permanent des Congrés d'ActuairesCommercial BondCommercial Multi-peril InsuranceCommission LiabilitiesCommutation FunctionsComonotonicityCompeting RisksCompeting RisksComplete MarketsCompound DistributionsCompound InterestCompound Poisson Frequency ModelsCompound ProcessConcaveConditional Probability/ExpectationConference of Consulting ActuariesConjugate PriorConsejo Profesional de Ciencias Económicas de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresConsequential DamageContingent CapitalContingent InsuranceContinuous Multivariate DistributionsContinuous Parametric DistributionsContinuous PeriodContract BondContributed SurplusContribution PlanControl PeriodConvexityConvolutions of DistributionsCooperative Game TheoryCopulasCo-reinsuranceCoronary Heart DiseaseCorrelation CoefficientCounting ProcessesCouplingCovariateCover NoteCoverageCox ProcessCox–Ingersoll–Ross ModelCramér ConditionCramér, Harald (1893–1985)Cramér–Lundberg AsymptoticsCramér–Lundberg Condition and EstimateCredibility TheoryCredit InsuranceCredit RiskCredit ScoringCroatian Actuarial AssociationCrop InsuranceCumulantCurrent Unit MethodCurtate Future LifetimeCyprus Association of Actuaries (CAA)Damageability FunctionData AnalysisData MiningDe Finetti, Bruno (1906–1985)De Moivre, Abraham (1667–1754)De Pril Recursions and ApproximationsDe Pril TransformDe Pril's ApproximationDe Witt, Johan (1625–1672)Decision TheoryDecrement AnalysisDeductibleDefense and Cost ContainmentDeferral/MatchingDeferred Acquisition CostsDeferred PeriodDefined Accrued Benefit MethodDefined BenefitsDefined ContributionsDelaporte DistributionDemographyDemutualizationDen Danske AktuarforeningDen Norske Aktuarforening (The Norwegian Society of Actuaries)Dependent RisksDeregulation of Commercial InsuranceDerivative Pricing, Numerical MethodsDerivative SecuritiesDesign MatrixDeutsche Aktuarvereinigung e. V. (DAV)Development YearDFA—Dynamic Financial AnalysisDhaene–Vandebroek's RecursionDiffusion ApproximationsDiffusion ProcessesDirect CostsDirect InsuranceDirectionally Convex FunctionsDirectors and Officers InsuranceDirichlet ProcessesDisability Income InsuranceDisability Insurance, Numerical MethodsDisability InsuranceDiscount FactorDiscounted Cash Flow ModelDiscountingDiscrete Multivariate DistributionsDiscrete Parametric DistributionsDiscretization of DistributionsDiscriminant AnalysisDismembermentDistorted ProbabilityDistribution SystemDiversificationDividend Discount ModelDividendsDividing SocietiesDNADodson, James (1710–1757)DroughtDurationDynamic Financial Modeling of an Insurance EnterpriseEarly Mortality TablesEarly Retirement FactorEarly Warning SystemsEarly-onset Alzheimer's DiseaseEarthquake InsuranceECOMOR ReinsuranceEconomic CapitalEdgeworth ApproximationEdgeworth ExpansionEfficient Markets HypothesisElasticityElimination PeriodEM-algorithmEmbedded ValueEmpirical Bayes TheoryEmpirical DistributionEmployer's Liability InsuranceEmployment Practices Liability InsuranceEndowmentEnergy InsuranceEntity-specific ValueEntry Age MethodEqualization ReserveEquilibrium DistributionEquilibrium TheoryEquitasEquity Indexed AnnuityEquivalence PrincipleEquivalent Martingale MeasureErlang DistributionEsscher ApproximationEsscher TransformEstateEstimated Maximum LossEstimationEstonian Actuarial SocietyEuler–Maclaurin Expansion and Woolhouse's FormulaExceedance Probability CurvesExcess LossesExcess of Loss ReinsuranceExclusions in Direct InsuranceExclusions in ReinsuranceExpectation of LifeExpected ShortfallExpense InflationExpense RatiosExpenses in Life InsuranceExperience BasisExperience RatingExponential Dispersion FamilyExponential DistributionExponential TiltingExposed to RiskExposure RatingExtreme Value DistributionsExtreme Value TheoryExtremesFactor AnalysisFacultative ReinsuranceFaculty of ActuariesFailure RateFair ValueFamilial Breast CancerFertilityFidelity and SuretyFidelity BondFiltrationFinanceFinancial EconomicsFinancial EngineeringFinancial InsuranceFinancial Intermediaries: the Relationship Between their Economic Functions and Actuarial RisksFinancial MarketsFinancial Pricing of InsuranceFinancial ReinsuranceFinite Risk ReinsuranceFire InsuranceFirst Order BasisFirst Party CoverageFisher's Scoring TechniqueFixed-income SecurityFlesacker–Hughston FrameworkFlood RiskFluctuation ReservesForce of MortalityForeign Exchange Risk in InsuranceForfeitureForwardsFourier TransformFrailtyFranchiseFranckx, Edouard (1907–1988)Fraud in InsuranceFree RidingFreight, Demurrage and Defence CoverFriendly SocietiesFrontier Between Public and Private Insurance SchemesFull Value InsuranceFully Indexed ClauseFund ChargeFund Management ChargeFunding RatioFuture Service ReserveFuturesFuzzy Set TheoryGAAPGamma DistributionGamma FunctionGARCH ModelGaussian ProcessesGeneral InsuranceGeneralized Discrete DistributionsGeneralized Linear ModelsGenetics and InsuranceGeneva AssociationGeneva Papers on Risk and InsuranceGenotypeGeometric DistributionGibbs SamplingGirsanov's TheoremGoing ConcernGompertz, Benjamin (1779–1865)Good FaithGraduationGraphical MethodsGraunt, John (1620–1674)GreeksGross Net Premium IncomeGross Premium ValuationGroup Life InsuranceGroup Personal PensionsGroupe Consultatif Actuariel EuropéenGuaranteed Annuity OptionHachemeister's Regression ModelHail InsuranceHaldane ApproximationHalley, Edmond (1656–1742)Hattendorff's TheoremHazard RateHealth InsuranceHeath–Jarrow–Morton FrameworkHeavy-tailedHeckman–Meyers AlgorithmHedging and Risk ManagementHelixHellenic Actuarial SocietyHet Actuarieel Genootschap (The Dutch Actuarial Society)Heterogeneity in Life InsuranceHidden Markov ModelsHipp's ApproximationHistorical CostHistory of Actuarial EducationHistory of Actuarial ProfessionHistory of Actuarial ScienceHistory of InsuranceHo–Lee ModelsHomeowners InsuranceHours ClauseHousehold InsuranceHull and Machinery InsuranceHull–White ModelHungarian Actuarial SocietyHuntington's DiseaseHurricaneHuygens, Christiaan and LodewijckHypergeometric DistributionIASBIBNR ReserveIBNS ReserveImmunizationImpairmentInception AnnuityIncome Protection InsuranceIncome StatementIncomplete MarketsIndemnityIndex ClauseIndexed DeductibleIndexingIndex-linked SecurityIndividual Retirement AccountIndividual Risk ModelIndustrial Special Risks CoverInfinite DivisibilityInflation Impact on Aggregate ClaimsInflation: A Case StudyInformation CriteriaInitial UnitsInsolvencyInstallment PremiumInstitut des ActuairesInstitute of Actuaries of AustraliaInstitute of Actuaries of JapanInstitute of ActuariesInstituto Actuarial ArgentinoInsurabilityInsurable InterestInsurance Capital Asset Pricing ModelInsurance CompanyInsurance DerivativesInsurance Expense LiabilitiesInsurance FormsInsurance Regulation and SupervisionInsurance SecuritizationInsurance: Mathematics and EconomicsInsuratizationIntegrated ProductsIntegrated Tail DistributionInterest Rate Risk and ImmunizationInterest-rate ModelingInternal Rate-of-return ModelInternational Accounting StandardsInternational Actuarial AssociationInternational Actuarial NotationInternational Association for the Study of Insurance Economics—'The Geneva Association'International Association of Consulting ActuariesInverse Gaussian DistributionInvestment Growth RateIsrael Association of ActuariesIssued CapitalIstituto Italiano degli AttuariItô CalculusJackknifingJensen's InequalityJournal of Actuarial PracticeJournal of Risk and InsuranceKalman Filter, Reserving MethodsKalman FilterKaplan–Meier EstimatorKendall's τKeogh PlanKernel MethodsKolmogorov Backward EquationsKornya's ApproximationLévy ProcessesLadder HeightLAELandslideLandslipLaplace TransformLaplace, Pierre SimonLapseLapsesLarge DeviationsLargest Claims and ECOMOR ReinsuranceLatent ClaimLatvian Actuarial AssociationLaw of Large NumbersLayerLee–Carter ModelLeverageLexis DiagramLiability InsuranceLiability ManagementLicence BondLidstone, George James (1870–1952)Lidstone's TheoremLife Insurance MathematicsLife InsuranceLife ReinsuranceLife Table Data, CombiningLife TableLink FunctionLink Ratio MethodLinton, Morris Albert (1887–1966)LiquidationLiving Benefit GuaranteeLloyd'sLoan-to-value RatioLocusLogarithmic DistributionLog-gamma DistributionLogistic Regression ModelLog-normal DistributionLong Range DependenceLongevityLongstaff–Schwartz ModelLong-tail BusinessLong-term Care InsuranceLong-term Health InsuranceLong-term Sickness InsuranceLoss of Hire InsuranceLoss Ratio MethodLoss RatioLoss ReserveLosses-occurring BasisLoss-of-income InsuranceLoss-of-Profits InsuranceLoss-of-time InsuranceLotteriesLundberg Approximations, GeneralizedLundberg Inequality for Ruin ProbabilityLundberg, Filip (1876–1965)Lutine BellMaclaurin, ColinMacro PricingMalusManchester UnityMarginal PricingMarginal TotalsMarine InsuranceMarket EquilibriumMarket ModelsMarket Value AdjustmentMarkov Chain Monte Carlo MethodsMarkov Chains and Markov ProcessesMarkov Models in Actuarial ScienceMartingalesMass Tort LiabilitiesMatchingMaterial FactsMaturity Guarantees Working PartyMaturity GuaranteesMaximum Benefit PeriodMaximum LikelihoodMaximum LimitMcClintock, Emory (1840–1916)Mean Residual LifetimeMean–variance CriterionMedical UnderwritingMendel's LawsMerit RatingMeteorsMexico, Actuarial AssociationsMeyers–Read ApproachMigrationMinimum Variance PrincipleMixed Poisson DistributionsMixture of DistributionsMixtures of Exponential DistributionsModel OfficeMoment Generating FunctionMonte Carlo Methods in Life InsuranceMontreal AgreementMoral HazardMorgan, WilliamMortality LawsMortality TaleMortgage Insurance in the United StatesMotor InsuranceMultitrigger ProductsMultivariate DistributionMultivariate StatisticsMutationMutualsNash EquilibriumNational Associations of ActuariesNatural HazardsNegative Binomial DistributionNet IncomeNet Investment IncomeNeural NetworksNew Zealand Society of ActuariesNeyman Type ANo-claim Discount SystemNoncancellable Sickness InsuranceNoncooperative Game TheoryNonexpected Utility TheoryNon-life InsuranceNon-life Reserves—Continuous Time Micro ModelsNonparametric StatisticsNonparticipating BusinessNonprofits BusinessNonproportional ReinsuranceNormal DistributionNormal EquationsNormal Power ApproximationNorth American Actuarial JournalNorthampton TableNumerical AlgorithmsObligatory ReinsuranceOccurrence PolicyOccurrence/Exposure RateOcean HullOffshore InsuranceOhlin's LemmaOligopoly in Insurance MarketsOn-levelingOpen CoverOperational TimeOperations ResearchOptimal Risk SharingOptimization (Stochastic)Options and Guarantees in Life InsuranceOptionsOrdering of RisksOrnstein–Uhlenbeck ProcessOrphan AssetsOutlier DetectionOverdispersionOverheadsP&I ClubsPackage ModPaid-up PolicyPaid-up Sum AssuredPakistan Society of ActuariesPanjer RecursionParameter and Model UncertaintyPareto DistributionPareto OptimalityPareto RatingParticipating BusinessPast Service ReservePay As You GoPayback PeriodPayment BondPearson CorrelationPenetrancePension Fund MathematicsPension FundPensions, IndividualPensions: Finance, Risk and AccountingPensionsPerformance BondPeril of the SeaPerilPermanent AssurancePermanent Health InsurancePermanent Sickness InsurancePermit BondPersatuan Aktuari MalaysiaPhase MethodPhase-type DistributionsPhenotypePMLPoint ProcessesPoisson DistributionPoisson ProcessesPolicy LiabilitiesPolicy LimitPolicyPolicyholder DividendsPolskie Stowarzyszenie AktuariuszyPooling EquilibriaPooling in InsurancePooling of Employee BenefitsPopulation DynamicsPopulation ProjectionPortfolio TheoryPortfolio TransferPortuguese Institute of ActuariesPosterior DistributionPostselectionPredictionPremium BalancesPremium PrinciplesPremium Tax LiabilitiesPremiumPremiums ReceivablePresent Values and AccumulationsPrice, Richard (1726–1791)Primary InsurancePrincipal Component AnalysisPrinciple of Equivalent UtilityPrior DistributionPro Rata TemporisProbability Generating FunctionProbability TheoryProbable Maximum LossProbationary PeriodProfessionalismProfit TestingProjected Unit MethodProjection of Future MortalityProperty and Casualty InsuranceProperty Insurance—PersonalProperty-liability InsuranceProportional ReinsuranceProspective Benefits Funding MethodsProspective ReserveProtected CellProtection and Indemnity ClubsPublic Official BondPUPQualification PeriodQuantile MeasureQueueing TheoryQuota-share ReinsuranceRandom Number Generation and Quasi-Monte CarloRandom VariableRandom WalkRare EventRate on LineRatemakingRBNS ReserveReciprocal ExchangeRedington, Frank Mitchell (1906–1986)Regenerative ProcessesRegistered Retirement Income FundRegistered Retirement Savings PlanRegression Models for Data AnalysisRegular VariationReinstatementReinsurance FormsReinsurance PricingReinsurance ReceivablesReinsurance RecoverablesReinsurance SupervisionReinsurance to CloseReinsurance, Functions and ValuesReinsurance, ReservingReinsurance—Terms, Conditions, and Methods of PlacingReinsuranceReister PlanReliability AnalysisReliability ClassificationsRenewable, Increasable, Convertible Term AssuranceRenewal TheoryReplacement ValueResamplingReserve ProcessRESTINRetention and Reinsurance ProgrammesRetroactive DateRetrocessionRetrospective PremiumRetrospective ReserveRevenue PolicyRisk AversionRisk-based Capital AllocationRisk BudgetingRisk Classification, Practical AspectsRisk Classification, Pricing AspectsRisk Discount RateRisk LoadingRisk Management and Insurance ReviewRisk Management, IntegratedRisk Management: An Interdisciplinary FrameworkRisk MeasuresRisk MinimizationRisk NeutralRisk PremiumRisk ProcessRisk RateRisk StatisticsRisk Utility RankingRisk-adjusted RateRisk-attaching BasisRisk-based Capital RequirementsRisk-free RateRisk-neutral PricingRobustnessRubinow, Isaac Max (1875–1936)Ruin TheoryRun-off TriangleSatellite InsuranceSavings PremiumScale DistributionScandinavian Actuarial JournalSchedule Ultimate LossesSchedulesScreening MethodsSeasonalitySecond Order BasisSegerdahl, Carl–Otto (1912–1972)Segregated Fund InsuranceSelect MortalitySelectionSelf-insuranceSelf-investmentSensitivity AnalysisSensitivity TestingSeparation MethodSeriatim ApproachService TableSevere Inflation ClauseSeverity of RuinShot-noise ProcessesSickness InsuranceSigma-algebraSimulation Methods for Stochastic Differential EquationsSimulation of Risk ProcessesSimulation of Stochastic ProcessesSingapore Actuarial SocietySkandinavisk AktuarietidskriftSkewnessSleep-easy CoverSliding ScaleSlovak Society of ActuariesSlovensko Aktuarsko Drustvo (Slovenian Association of Actuaries (SAA))Slowly Varying FunctionSocial InsuranceSocial SecuritySociety of ActuariesSolvencySparre Andersen ProcessSpearman's ρSpectral Density/DistributionSplinesStabilityStable DistributionsStable Population ModelStakeholder PensionStandard Contribution RateStationary ProcessesStatistical TerminologyStatutory CapitalStevin, SimonStochastic CalculusStochastic Control TheoryStochastic Differential EquationStochastic DominanceStochastic IntegralStochastic Investment ModelsStochastic OptimizationStochastic OrderingsStochastic ProcessesStochastic SimulationStop-loss PremiumStop-loss ReinsuranceStop-loss OrderingStop-loss TransformStopping TimeStorm SurgeStress TestingStructural DistributionSubexponential DistributionsSubject PremiumSubsidenceSufficient StatisticsSum at RiskSum InsuredSundt and Jewell Class of DistributionsSundt's Classes of DistributionsSuomen Aktuaariyhdistys—The Actuarial Society of FinlandSuperannuationSuperhedgingSuperimposed InflationSurety BondSurplus in Life and Pension InsuranceSurplus ProcessSurplus TreatySurrenders and AlterationsSurvival AnalysisSurvival FunctionSvenska Aktuarieföreningen, Swedish Society of ActuariesSverdrup, Erling (1917–1994)SwapsSwaptionSwiss Association of ActuariesSyndicateTail Value-at-riskTechnical Bases in Life InsuranceTerm InsuranceTerm Structure of Interest RatesThiele, Thorvald Nicolai (1838–1910)Thiele's Differential EquationThinned DistributionsThird Party CoverageTime of RuinTime SeriesTontineTotal LossTotal Service ReserveTransaction CostsTransformsTravel InsuranceTreaty ReinsuranceTruncated DistributionsTsunamiUberrima FidesUkrainian Actuarial SocietyULAEUmbrella CoverUnder and Over DispersionUnderwriting CycleUnderwriting ExpensesUnderwriting IncomeUnderwritingUnearned Premium Reserve (Liability)Unemployment InsuranceUnexpired Risk ReserveUniform Distribution of DeathsUniform DistributionUnit CostsUnitised With-profits BusinessUnitised With-profits PolicyUnit-linked BusinessUniversal LifeUtility MaximizationUtility TheoryValuation BasisValuation of Life Insurance LiabilitiesValue-at-riskVariable Annuity Guaranteed Living BenefitsVariable Annuity InsuranceVasicek ModelVolatilityVulcanismWaiting PeriodWallace, RobertWaring's TheoremWarsaw ConventionWebster, AlexanderWeibull DistributionWhittaker, E.T.Wiener ProcessWiener–Hopf FactorizationWilkie Investment ModelWilson–Hilferty ApproximationWith-profits BusinessWithdrawalWithout-profits BusinessWoolhouse's FormulaWorkers' Compensation InsuranceWorking CoversWright, Elizur (1804–1885)xsXSEXSIYield CurveZero-modified Frequency DistributionsZillmerisation