Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff is a consultant to industry and governments on standard of care as it pertains to environmental management and worker protection. He has more than 35 years of international consulting, business, and applied research and development experiences, having worked throughout Eastern Europe, Russia, parts of the Middle East, Latin America, the Far East, Africa, and the U.S. He has led and participated in hundreds of pollution prevention and environmental health and safety audits of large industrial complexes including refineries, coke-chemical plants, pulp and paper mills, steel mills, pharmaceutical and pesticide manufacturing plants, wood treating facilities, and other industrial operations. He has led and assisted several foreign governments in strengthening environmental laws and trained several thousand regulators and industry personnel on environmental auditing, pollution prevention and safe chemical management through programs sponsored by the U.S. Agency for International Development, European Union, and World Bank Organization. He is the author, co-author or editor of more than 150 technical books. Dr. Cheremisinoff earned his Ph.D., M.Sc. and B.Sc. in chemical engineering from Clarkson College of Technology.Anton Davletshin is Senior Project Manager for N&P, Ltd, a firm specializing in standard of care assessments. Anton manages sampling programs, conducts historical literature reviews and assists in environmental impact assessments that aid N&P staff in forensic reconstruction of legacy pollution problems. His expertise extends to applications of air dispersion simulations using EPA-approved AerMod used in the evaluation of community impacts from point and area sources of emissions from within industrial complexes. A graduate of Virginia Polytechnic Institute, he holds a degree in Construction Management.

• Preface ix 1. Toxic Nature of Crude Oil 11.1 High Risk Areas 11.2 Potential Impacts 71.3 Definitions 81.4 Examples of Historical Oil Spills and Their Impacts 102. Origins of Spills 372.1 Offshore Drilling 372.2 Case Study 443. Use of Chemical Dispersants 553.1 Dispersants 553.2 Methods of Applicaion 603.3 Types of Dispensants and Commerical Products 624. Combating Spills at the Shoreline 934.1 Chemical Warfare 934.2 Booms and Barriers 1575. Emerging Technologies 2375.1 Clean World Innovations and EncapSol 2375.2 Centrifuges 2435.3 Skimmers and Response Vessels 2446. Spill Response and Worker Protection 2476.1 Countermeasure Options 2476.2 Spill Response Protocols and Strategies 2716.3 Worker Protection 3366.4 The Oil Spill Response Plan 4206.5 Air Monitoring 4297. Standard of Care and The BP Oil Spill 4437.1 The Impacts 4437.2 The Waxman/Stupak Letter 4497.3 Standard of Care 462Index 509About the Authors 531

Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff is a consultant to industry and governments on standard of care as it pertains to environmental management and worker protection. He has more than 35 years of international consulting, business, and applied research and development experiences, having worked throughout Eastern Europe, Russia, parts of the Middle East, Latin America, the Far East, Africa, and the U.S. He has led and participated in hundreds of pollution prevention and environmental health and safety audits of large industrial complexes including refineries, coke-chemical plants, pulp and paper mills, steel mills, pharmaceutical and pesticide manufacturing plants, wood treating facilities, and other industrial operations. He has led and assisted several foreign governments in strengthening environmental laws and trained several thousand regulators and industry personnel on environmental auditing, pollution prevention and safe chemical management through programs sponsored by the U.S. Agency for International Development, European Union, and World Bank Organization. He is the author, co-author or editor of more than 150 technical books. Dr. Cheremisinoff earned his Ph.D., M.Sc. and B.Sc. in chemical engineering from Clarkson College of Technology.Anton Davletshin is Senior Project Manager for N&P, Ltd, a firm specializing in standard of care assessments. Anton manages sampling programs, conducts historical literature reviews and assists in environmental impact assessments that aid N&P staff in forensic reconstruction of legacy pollution problems. His expertise extends to applications of air dispersion simulations using EPA-approved AerMod used in the evaluation of community impacts from point and area sources of emissions from within industrial complexes. A graduate of Virginia Polytechnic Institute, he holds a degree in Construction Management.

• Preface ix 1. Toxic Nature of Crude Oil 11.1 High Risk Areas 11.2 Potential Impacts 71.3 Definitions 81.4 Examples of Historical Oil Spills and Their Impacts 102. Origins of Spills 372.1 Offshore Drilling 372.2 Case Study 443. Use of Chemical Dispersants 553.1 Dispersants 553.2 Methods of Applicaion 603.3 Types of Dispensants and Commerical Products 624. Combating Spills at the Shoreline 934.1 Chemical Warfare 934.2 Booms and Barriers 1575. Emerging Technologies 2375.1 Clean World Innovations and EncapSol 2375.2 Centrifuges 2435.3 Skimmers and Response Vessels 2446. Spill Response and Worker Protection 2476.1 Countermeasure Options 2476.2 Spill Response Protocols and Strategies 2716.3 Worker Protection 3366.4 The Oil Spill Response Plan 4206.5 Air Monitoring 4297. Standard of Care and The BP Oil Spill 4437.1 The Impacts 4437.2 The Waxman/Stupak Letter 4497.3 Standard of Care 462Index 509About the Authors 531

Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff is a consultant to industry and governments on standard of care as it pertains to environmental management and worker protection. He has more than 35 years of international consulting, business, and applied research and development experiences, having worked throughout Eastern Europe, Russia, parts of the Middle East, Latin America, the Far East, Africa, and the U.S. He has led and participated in hundreds of pollution prevention and environmental health and safety audits of large industrial complexes including refineries, coke-chemical plants, pulp and paper mills, steel mills, pharmaceutical and pesticide manufacturing plants, wood treating facilities, and other industrial operations. He has led and assisted several foreign governments in strengthening environmental laws and trained several thousand regulators and industry personnel on environmental auditing, pollution prevention and safe chemical management through programs sponsored by the U.S. Agency for International Development, European Union, and World Bank Organization. He is the author, co-author or editor of more than 150 technical books. Dr. Cheremisinoff earned his Ph.D., M.Sc. and B.Sc. in chemical engineering from Clarkson College of Technology.Anton Davletshin is Senior Project Manager for N&P, Ltd, a firm specializing in standard of care assessments. Anton manages sampling programs, conducts historical literature reviews and assists in environmental impact assessments that aid N&P staff in forensic reconstruction of legacy pollution problems. His expertise extends to applications of air dispersion simulations using EPA-approved AerMod used in the evaluation of community impacts from point and area sources of emissions from within industrial complexes. A graduate of Virginia Polytechnic Institute, he holds a degree in Construction Management.

• Preface ix 1. Toxic Nature of Crude Oil 11.1 High Risk Areas 11.2 Potential Impacts 71.3 Definitions 81.4 Examples of Historical Oil Spills and Their Impacts 102. Origins of Spills 372.1 Offshore Drilling 372.2 Case Study 443. Use of Chemical Dispersants 553.1 Dispersants 553.2 Methods of Applicaion 603.3 Types of Dispensants and Commerical Products 624. Combating Spills at the Shoreline 934.1 Chemical Warfare 934.2 Booms and Barriers 1575. Emerging Technologies 2375.1 Clean World Innovations and EncapSol 2375.2 Centrifuges 2435.3 Skimmers and Response Vessels 2446. Spill Response and Worker Protection 2476.1 Countermeasure Options 2476.2 Spill Response Protocols and Strategies 2716.3 Worker Protection 3366.4 The Oil Spill Response Plan 4206.5 Air Monitoring 4297. Standard of Care and The BP Oil Spill 4437.1 The Impacts 4437.2 The Waxman/Stupak Letter 4497.3 Standard of Care 462Index 509About the Authors 531