Sour Gas and Related Technologies

Ying (Alice) Wu is currently the President of Sphere Technology Connection Ltd. (STC) in Calgary, Canada. From 1983 to 1999, she was an assistant professor and researcher at Southwest Petroleum Institute (now Southwest Petroleum University, SWPU) in Sichuan, China. She received her MSc in petroleum engineering from SWPU and her BSc in petroleum engineering from Daqing Petroleum University in Heilongjiang, China.John J. Carroll, PhD, PEng, is the Director, Geostorage Process Engineering for Gas Liquids Engineering in Calgary, Canada. Dr. Carroll holds bachelor and doctoral degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, and is a registered professional engineer in the provinces of Alberta and New Brunswick in Canada. His fist book, Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers, is now in its second edition, and he is the author or coauthor of fifty technical publications and about forty technical presentations.Weiyoa Zhu is Professor at University of Science and Technology Beijing in China and Adjunct Professor in State Key Lab of Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery at the Northeast Petroleum University. He has published more than 100 technical papers and authored six technical books. His research focus is on fluid mechanics in porous media, the theory and application of the multiphase flow for resource exploitation, new energy development, environmental fluid mechanics, and reservoir simulation.

• Preface xiiiIntroduction xivPart 1: Data: Experiments and Correlation 1. Equilibrium Water Content Measurements for Acid Gas at High Pressures and Temperatures 3Francis Bernard, Robert A. Marriott, and Binod R. Giri1.1 Introduction 41.2 Experimental 61.3 Recent Results and Modelling 101.4 Conclusions 19References 192. Comparative Study on Gas Deviation Factor Calculating Models for CO2 Rich Gas Reservoirs 21Nan Zhang, Xiao Guo, Qiang Zhang, Rentian Yan, and Yan Ran2.1 Introduction 222.2 Deviation Factor Correlations 222.3 Model Optimization 282.4 Conclusions 34References 353. H2S Viscosities and Densities at High-Temperatures and Pressures 37Binod R. Giri, Robert A. Marriott, and Pierre Blais3.1 Introduction 383.2 Experimental 393.3 Results and Discussion 413.4 Conclusions and Outlook 463.5 Acknowledgement 47References 474. Solubility of Methane in Propylene Carbonate 49Fang-Yuan Jou, Kurt A.G. Schmidt, and Alan E. Mather4.1 Introduction 494.2 Results and Discussion 504.3 Nomenclature 544.4 Acknowledgement 54References 54Part 2: Process5. A Holistic Look at Gas Treating Simulation 59Nathan A. Hatcher, R. Scott Alvis, and Ralph H. Weiland5.1 Introduction 605.2 Clean Versus Dirty Solvents: Heat Stable Salts 615.3 Summary 776. Controlled Freeze Zone™ Commercial Demonstration Plant Advances Technology for the Commercialization of North American Sour Gas Resources 79R.H. Oelfke, R.D. Denton, and J.A. Valencia6.1 Introduction – Gas Demand and Sour Gas Challenges 806.2 Acid Gas Injection 806.3 Controlled Freeze Zone™ — Single Step Removal of CO2 and H2S 816.4 Development Scenarios Suitable for Utilizing CFZ™ Technology 846.5 Commercial Demonstration Plant Design & Initial Performance Data 866.6 Conclusions and Forward Plans 89Bibliography 897. Acid Gas Dehydration – A DexPro™ Technology Update 91Jim Maddocks, Wayne McKay, and Vaughn Hansen7.1 Introduction 917.2 Necessity of Dehydration 927.3 Dehydration Criteria 947.4 Acid Gas – Water Phase Behaviour 967.5 Conventional Dehydration Methods 997.6 Development of DexPro 1077.7 DexPro Operating Update 1127.8 DexPro Next Steps 1137.9 Murphy Tupper – 2012 Update 1137.10 Acknowledgements 1158. A Look at Solid CO2 Formation in Several High CO2 Concentration Depressuring Scenarios 117James van der Lee, John J. Carroll, and Marco Satyro8.1 Introduction 1178.2 Methodology 1188.3 Thermodynamic Property Package Description 1188.4 Model Confi guration 1198.5 Results 1218.6 Discussion 1248.7 Conclusions 127References 128Part 3: Acid Gas Injection9. Potential Sites and Early Opportunities of Acid Gas Re-injection in China 131Qi Li, Xiaochun Li, Lei Du, Guizhen Liu, Xuehao Liu, Ning Wei9.1 Introduction 1329.2 Potential Storage Capacity for CCS 1349.3 Emission Sources of Acid Gases 1349.4 Distribution of High H2S Bearing Gas Field 1359.5 Systematic Screening of Potential Sites 1369.6 Early Deployment Opportunities of AGI 1379.7 Conclusions 1399.8 Acknowledgements 140References 14010. Acid Gas Injection for a Waste Stream with Heavy Hydrocarbons and Mercaptans 143Xingyuan Zhao, John J. Carroll, and Ying Wu10.1 Basis 14310.2 Phase Envelope 14410.3 Water Content 14610.4 Hydrates 14710.5 Dehydration and Compression 14910.6 Discussion 15110.7 Conclusion 151References 15211. Compression of Acid Gas and CO2 with Reciprocating Compressors and Diaphragm Pumps for Storage and Enhanced Oil Recovery 153Anke Braun, Josef Jarosch, Rainer Dübi, and Luzi Valär11.1 Conclusion 163References 16412. Investigation of the Use of Choke Valves in Acid Gas Compression 165James van der Lee, and Edward Wichert12.1 Introduction 16612.2 Water Content Behaviour of Acid Gas 16712.3 Test Cases to Ascertain the Effect of Choke Valves 16912.4 Test Case 1: 20% H2S, 78% CO2 and 2% C1 17012.5 Test Case 2: 50% H2S, 48% CO2 and 2% C1 17312.6 Test Case 3: 80% H2S, 18% CO2 and 2% C1 17512.7 Conclusions 18013. The Kinetics of H2S Oxidation by Trace O2 and Prediction of Sulfur Deposition in Acid Gas Compression Systems 183N. I. Dowling, R. A. Marriott, A. Primak, and S. Manley13.1 Introduction 18413.2 Experimental 18513.3 Experimental Results and Calculation Methods 18613.4 Discussion and Demonstration of Utility 20813.5 Conclusions 212References 21314. Blowout Calculations for Acid Gas Well with High Water Cut 215Shouxi Wang, and John J. Carroll14.1 Introduction 21514.2 Water 21714.3 Trace Amount of Gas 22114.4.1 Case Study 3 22214.5 Brine vs. Water 22614.6 Discussion 226References 226Part 4: Subsurface15. Influence of Sulfur Deposition on Gas Reservoir Development 229Weiyao Zhu, Xiaohe Huang, Yunqian Long, and Jia Deng15.1 Introduction 22915.2 Mathematical Models of Flow Mechanisms 23015.3 The Mathematical Model of Multiphase Complex Flow 23615.4 Solution of the Mathematical Model Equations 24015.5 Example 24215.6 Conclusions 244References 24516. Modeling and Evaluation of Oilfield Fluid Processing Schemes 247Jie Zhang, Ayodeji A. Jeje, Gang Chen, Haiying Cheng, Yuan You, and Shugang Li16.1 Introduction 24816.2 Treatment of Produced Water 24916.3 Treatment of Re-circulating Mud 25216.4 Test on Gas-cut, Water-based Mud 25516.5 Conclusion 259References 26017. Optimization of the Selection of Oil-Soluble Surfactant for Enhancing CO2 Displacement Efficiency 261Ping Guo, Songjie Jiao, Fu Chen, and Jie He17.1 Introduction 26217.2 Experiment Preparation and Experimental Conditions 26317.3 Experiment Contents and Methods 26417.4 Optimization of Surfactants 26517.5 The Displacement Efficiency Research on Oil-soluble Surfactant Optimization 26817.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 27017.7 Acknowledgement 271References 271Index 273