Hydrology and the Management of Watersheds

AUTHORS Kenneth N. Brooks is Professor Emeritus of Forest Hydrology in the Department of Forest Resources at the University of Minnesota. Peter F. Ffolliott is Professor Emeritus of Watershed Management in the School of Natural Resources and the Environment at the University of Arizona. Joseph A. Magner is a Research Professor in the Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering at the University of Minnesota.

“Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates, graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals/practitioners.”  (Choice, 1 October 2013)

• Preface xiiiDefinition of Terms xv1 Watersheds, Hydrologic Processes, and Pathways 31 Introduction 7Overview 7Watersheds 10Integrated Watershed Management 12Sustainable Use and Development of Natural Resources 14Watersheds, Ecosystem Management, and Cumulative Effects 20Reconciling Watershed and Political Boundaries 21Summary and Learning Points 24References 24Webliography 262 Hydrologic Cycle and the Water Budget 27Introduction 27Properties of Water 27The Hydrologic Cycle 30Energy and the Hydrologic Cycle 38Water Flow in Soil 43Water Flow on Land and in Stream Channels 47Summary and Learning Points 47References 483 Precipitation 49Introduction 49Precipitation Process 50Rainfall 53Snowfall 63Summary and Learning Points 78References 78Webliography 794 Evaporation, Interception, and Transpiration 81Introduction 81The Evaporation Process 82Evaporation from Water Bodies 83Evaporation from Soil Surfaces 85Interception 85Transpiration 92Potential Evapotranspiration 103Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration 105Summary and Learning Points 109References 1105 Infiltration, Pathways of Water Flow, and Recharge 113Introduction 113Infiltration 113Pathways of Water Flow 125Summary and Learning Points 138References 1386 Streamflow Measurement and Analysis 141Introduction 141Measurement of Streamflow 141Methods for Estimating Streamflow Characteristics 148Summary and Learning Points 170References 171Webliography 1727 Groundwater and Groundwater–Surface Water Exchange 173Introduction 173Groundwater 174Groundwater–Surface Water Exchanges 187Summary and Learning Points 193References 194Webliography 1952 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Linkages of Water Flow 1978 Soil Erosion Processes and Control 199Introduction 199Surface Soil Erosion 199Erosion from Gullies and Ravines 221Soil Mass Movement 230Summary and Learning Points 237References 238Webliography 2419 Sediment Supply, Transport, and Yield 243Introduction 243Sediment Supply and Transport 244Measurement of Sediment 255Sediment Yield 258Cumulative Watershed Effects on Sediment Yield 260Summary and Learning Points 263References 26410 Fluvial Processes and Implications for Stream Management 267Introduction 267Fluvial Geomorphology 268Valley and Stream Evaluation and Classification 272Stream Classification 285Summary and Learning Points 293References 293Webliography 29511 Water-Quality Characteristics 297Introduction 297Chemistry of Precipitation 298Physical Characteristics of Surface Water 300Dissolved Chemical Constituents 311Biological Characteristics 319Groundwater Quality 323Cumulative Effects 324Summary and Learning Points 325References 326Webliography 3283 Integrated Watershed Management 32912 Managing Wildland Watersheds 333Introduction 333Forests 333Woodlands 364Rangelands 367Upland–Downstream Considerations 371Cumulative Watershed Effects 377Summary and Learning Points 379References 380Webliography 38713 Managing Riparian Communities and Wetlands 389Introduction 389Riparian Communities 389Wetlands 401Cumulative Effects 422Summary and Learning Points 422References 42314 Watershed Management Issues 427Introduction 427Fragmentation of Watershed Landscapes 427Water Harvesting 439Best Management Practices 442Regulatory Compliance 446Climatic Variability 451Insufficient Information for Decision Making 455Summary and Learning Points 456References 458Webliography 46115 Socioeconomic Considerations in Integrated Watershed Management 463Introduction 463Policies and Policy Processes 464Planning and Implementation 470Economic Appraisals 475Summary and Learning Points 486References 48716 Tools and Emerging Technologies 489Introduction 489Generalized Hydrologic Simulation Models 490Technologically Advanced Tools 495Using the Stable Isotopes of Hydrogen and Oxygen 500Summary and Learning Points 507References 508Webliography 511Appendix: Units Commonly Used in Hydrologic Work, USA 513Index 517Color plates appear between pages 512 and 513