DWDM

Networks, Devices, and Technology

Inbunden, Engelska, 2002

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Beskrivning

An A-to-Z look at an increasingly important technology: DWDM The race for unprecedented bandwidth is on - and DWDM(Dense Wave-length Division Multiplexing) is opening the way. DWDM is the technology that allows multiple streams of data to flow in one optical fiber of optical communication network. DWDM is the key technology at the heart of new systems and networks that offers more bandwidth at less cost. Soon, DWDM promises to change bandwidth from a premium to a commodity item.DWDM: Networks, Devices, and Technology provides a comprehensive treatment of DWDM, its technology, systems, and networks, as well as engineering design. It explains how DWDM works, how it is used in system design, how optical network architecture can benefit from DWDM, and what the design issues are.Written by an expert in the field, the book covers: Current telecommunication networks and their issuesCurrent telecommunication systems and networksNew and emerging photonic technologies in developmentOptical and photonic physics that describe DWDM componentsâ??the building blocks of DWDM - and how they are usedNew optical systems, devices, and networks that are replacing electronics How optical and photonic devices are used in photonic systemsHow DWDM systems are engineered and constructed using photonic componentsThe strengths, faults, efficiencies, and issues relevant to DWDM systems and networksNew emerging technologies Suitably detailed yet clear and concise, this is a comprehensive reference that makes this new technology wholly accessible to both practicing engineers and students.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:2002-10-29
Mått:180 x 254 x 28 mm
Vikt:1 452 g
Format:Inbunden
Språk:Engelska
Antal sidor:512
Förlag:John Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN:9780471269052

Utforska kategorier

Elektronik och kommunikationer inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

Mer om författaren

STAMATIOS V. KARTALOPOULOS, PhD, is currently the Williams Professor in Telecommunications Networking in the Telecommunications graduate program of the University of Oklahoma, Tulsa. Previously, he enjoyed a twenty-two-year tenure with such telecom giants as Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, and AT&T. Dr. Kartalopoulos's previous optical networking texts include Understanding SONET/SDH and ATM: Communications Networks for the Next Millennium, Introduction to DWDM Technology: Data in a Rainbow, Fault Detectability in DWDM: Toward Higher Signal Quality and System Reliability, and DWDM: Networks, Devices, and Technology, all published by Wiley-IEEE Press.

Recensioner i media

"...very well-written and easy to read...contains invaluable resources for DWDM implementations for both beginners and advanced readers." (IEEE Communications Magazine, September 2003) "...an outstanding source of knowledge about optical systems...very well written and easy to read..." (Comsoc.org, September 2003)

Innehållsförteckning

Preface xviiAcknowledgments xixList of Physical Constants xxiIntroduction xxiii1 The Physics of Optical Components 11.1. Introduction 11.2. The Nature of Light 31.2.1. The Wave Nature of Light 31.2.2. The Particle Nature of Light 71.2.3. Huygens–Fresnel Principle 81.2.4. Interference 81.2.5. Holography 101.2.6. Optical Correlators and Storage 121.2.7. Light Attributes 121.3. Optical Materials 131.3.1. Transparent Versus Opaque Matter 131.3.2. Homogeneity and Heterogeneity 131.3.3. Isotropy and Anisotropy 131.3.4. Organic Materials 141.3.5. Photochromaticity 141.4. Light Meets Matter 151.4.1. Reflection and Refraction: Snell’s Law 151.4.2. Critical Angle 161.4.3. Antireflection 171.4.4. Prisms and Superprisms 181.4.5. Propagation of Light 201.4.6. Diffraction 221.4.7. Polarization 251.4.8. Extinction Ratio 331.4.9. Phase Shift 341.4.10. Birefringence 341.4.11. Material Dispersion 371.4.12. Electro-Optic Effects 381.4.13. Material Attributes 411.5. The Fiber as an Optical Transmission Medium 411.5.1. Composite Refractive Indices 441.5.2. Fiber Modes 441.5.3. Fiber Attenuation and Power Loss 491.5.4. Fiber Birefringence 541.5.5. Dispersion 551.5.6. Spectral Broadening 721.5.7. Self-Phase Modulation 731.5.8. Self-Modulation or Modulation Instability 731.5.9. Effect of Pulse Broadening on Bit Error Rate 741.6. Nonlinear Phenomena 751.6.1. Stimulated Raman Scattering 761.6.2. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 771.6.3. Four-Wave Mixing 771.6.4. Temporal FWM, Near-End and Far-End 791.6.5. Impact of FWM on DWDM Transmission Systems 801.6.6. Countermeasures to Reduce FWM 801.7. Solitons 801.8. Summary of Nonlinear Phenomena 821.9. Factors that Affect Matter and Light 821.10. Regarding Optical Fiber 831.10.1. Ideal Fiber Versus Real Fiber 841.10.2. The Evolving Bandwidth-Span Product 841.10.3. Fiber Amplifiers and Spectral Continuum 841.10.4. New Fibers 851.10.5. How Strong Is Fiber? 861.11. Fiber Connectivity 861.12. Optical PWBs 87Exercises 88References 89Standards 912 Optical Components 932.1. Introduction 932.1.1. Geometrical Optics 932.1.2. Insertion Loss and Isolation 952.1.3. Parameters Common to All Components 952.2. Optical Filters 962.2.1. Fabry–Perot Interferometer 982.2.2. Dielectric Thin Film 1042.2.3. Diffraction Gratings 1052.2.4. Bragg Gratings 1102.2.5. Mach–Zehnder Interferometry 1162.2.6. Arrayed Waveguide Grating Filters 1182.2.7. Polarizing Filters 1202.2.8. Absorption Filters 1212.2.9. Acousto-Optic Tunable Filters 1222.2.10. Hybrid Filters 1242.2.11. Comparing Tunable Filters 1242.3. Optical Directional Couplers 1252.4. Optical Power Attenuators 1282.5. Polarizers and Rotators 1292.6. Beam Splitters 1292.7. Optical Isolators and Circulators 1302.8. Quarter-Wavelength and Half-Wavelength Plates 1322.9. Optical Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 1322.9.1. Prisms and Superprisms 1322.9.2. Gratings 1332.9.3. Mach–Zehnder Demultiplexer 1332.9.4. Arrayed Waveguide Grating Demultiplexers 1332.9.5. Channel Interleavers and Channel Splitters 1342.10. Optical Cross-Connects 1352.10.1. Free-Space Optical Switching 1372.10.2. Solid-State Cross-Connects 1402.10.3. Polymers and Inks 1422.10.4. Photochromic Materials 1432.10.5. Technologies and Switching Speeds 1432.11. Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers 1452.12. Optical Equalizers 1472.13. Light Sources 1492.13.1. Light-Emitting Diodes 1502.13.2. Lasers 1522.14. Laser Beams 1662.14.1. Gaussian Beams 1662.14.2. Near-Field and Far-Field Distribution 1672.14.3. Peak Wavelength 1682.14.4. Degree of Coherence 1682.14.5. Laser Safety 1692.15. Modulators 1712.15.1. Types of Modulators 1732.15.2. A Case: Amplitude Modulation 1742.15.3. Modulation and Bit Error Probabilities 1752.16. Photodetectors and Receivers 1782.16.1. The PIN Photodiode 1812.16.2. The APD Photodiode 1812.16.3. Photodetector Figure of Merit 1832.16.4. ITU-T Nominal Center Frequencies 1832.17. Optical Amplifiers 1832.17.1. Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 1862.17.2. Rare Earth–Doped Fiber Optical Amplifiers 1872.17.3. Optical Parametric Amplifiers 1972.17.4. Raman Amplifiers 1982.17.5. Synergistic Amplification 2052.17.6. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 2052.17.7. Amplification in the Low-Loss Spectral Range 2062.18. Wavelength Converters 2082.18.1. Cross-Gain Modulation 2082.18.2. Cross-Phase Modulation 2092.18.3. Four-Wave Mixing 2092.18.4. Optical Frequency Shifting 2092.19. Optical Phase-Locked Loops 2102.20. Ring Resonators 2112.21. Optical Attenuators 2122.22. Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio 2122.22.1. Bit Error Rate 2132.22.2. BER and Eye Diagram 2152.23. New Materials and Components 2192.23.1. Optical Materials 2192.23.2. Hollow Fibers 2202.23.3. Lasers and Receivers 2202.23.4. Optical Cross-Connects 2212.23.5. Optical Memories 2212.23.6. Optical Integration 222Exercises 222References 224Standards 2333 Communications Fundamentals 2353.1. Introduction 2353.2. Pulse Coded Modulation 2363.3. Loop Accessing Methods 2373.3.1. xDSL 2383.3.2. Other High-Speed Short-Reach Technologies 2423.4. Time Division Multiplexing Systems 2443.4.1. Access and Pair-Gain Systems 2463.4.2. Fiber-to-the-Home Technology 2493.4.3. Switching Systems 2513.4.4. Digital Cross-Connect Systems 2533.5. Getting Connected 2543.6. Data Systems 2553.6.1. The OSI Model 2583.6.2. Local Area Networks 2603.6.3. Packet Networks 2653.6.4. Frame Relay 2673.6.5. ATM 2673.6.6. Quality of Service 2693.7. SONET and SDH 2703.7.1. SONET Topologies 2713.7.2. SONET and SDH Rates 2713.7.3. SONET and SDH Frames 2713.7.4. Floating Frames and Pointers 2753.7.5. Overhead Definition 2753.7.6. Frequency Justification 2783.7.7. Path Overhead 2783.7.8. Maintenance 2783.7.9. Operations Communications Interface 2803.7.10. Interworking 2813.7.11. Next-Generation SONET 2823.8. Internet 2823.8.1. Voice over IP 2833.8.2. Fax over IP (FoIP) 2843.8.3. ATM over SONET 2853.8.4. IP over SONET 2873.9. Optical Networks 2873.10. What Is a DWDM System and Network? 288Exercises 289References 290Standards 2924 DWDM Systems 2944.1. Introduction 2944.2. DWDM Network Topologies-Review 2954.3. DWDM Systems and Network Layers 2994.3.1. DWDM and Standards 2994.3.2. Domains or Functions 3014.3.3. System Partitioning and Remoting 3014.4. Key Building Blocks of a DWDM System 3034.4.1. Transmitters and Receivers 3044.4.2. Optical Amplifiers and Regenerators 3114.4.3. Dispersion Compensating Solutions 3184.4.4. Optical Gain Equalizers 3224.4.5. Optical Wavelength Translators 3244.4.6. Timing 3254.4.7. Optical Switching 3274.4.8. Control Architectures and Controllers 3294.4.9. Interfaces 3324.5. Wavelength Management Strategy 3394.6. Equipment Sensing Strategy 3454.7. Fault Detection and Reporting Strategy 3464.7.1. Fault Detection on the Network Level 3474.7.2. Fault Detection Identifiers 3484.7.3. Overhead, Data, and Error Correction: The Digital Wrapper 3484.8. Power Strategy 3534.9. DWDM Systems by Network Layer 3544.9.1. Point-to-Point Systems 3544.9.2. Large Optical Cross-Connect Systems 3584.9.3. DWDM Metro Systems 3614.9.4. Access DWDM Systems and First Last Mile 3664.10. Protected and Unprotected Systems 3684.11. Engineering DWDM Systems 3704.11.1. Parameters That Influence Optical Design 3704.11.2. ITU-T Recommended Frequencies 3724.11.3. Channel Capacity, Width, and Spacing 3724.11.4. Channel Bit Rate and Modulation 3724.11.5. Multichannel Frequency Stabilization 3734.11.6. BER and Channel Performance 3734.11.7. Channel Dispersion 3734.11.8. Power Launched 3734.11.9. Optical Amplification and Compensation 3744.11.10. The Fiber-Medium and Limitations 3744.11.11. Optical Power Budget 3744.11.12. Power Budget Calculations byExample 375Conclusions 379Exercises 381References 382Standards 3845 DWDM Networks 3885.1. Introduction 3885.1.1. Multiprotocol Label Switching 3905.1.2. MPλS 3915.1.3. DiffServ, IntServ, and MPLS 3925.1.4. Optical Virtual Path Network 3925.1.5. Network Layers and Protection 3925.1.6. The Evolving Telecommunications Management Network 3935.2. The Optical Transport Network 3945.3. DWDM Network Topologies and Restoration Strategies 3975.3.1. Point-to-Point Topology 4015.3.2. Ring Topology 4035.3.3. Mesh Topology 4065.3.4. Ring-Mesh Networks 4105.4. Dispersion Management 4105.5. Bandwidth Management 4115.5.1. Wavelength Management 4125.5.2. Traffic Management 4135.5.3. Congestion Management 4145.6. Fiber Span Between Transmitter and Receiver 4155.7. Fault Management 4165.8. Network Security 4175.9. DWDM Network Issues 4175.9.1. Interoperability and Internetworking 4185.9.2. Optical Performance Monitoring 4185.9.3. Network Future-Proofing 4195.9.4. Wavelength Sharing 4195.9.5. IPSONET over DWDM 4195.9.6. Maintenance 4195.9.7. DWDM Network Management 4215.10. Wireless DWDM Networks 421Exercises 422References 423Standards 4256 Emerging Technologies 4286.1. Introduction 4286.2. Emerging Technologies 4286.2.1. Theory and New Materials 4296.2.2. Communications Components, Systems, and Networks 4306.2.3. Intelligent Homes 4326.2.4. Intelligent Transportation 4336.2.5. Intelligent Powering Systems 4346.3. Current Research 4346.3.1. Advanced Lasers 4346.3.2. Artificial Optical Materials 4356.3.3. Optical Cross-Connect 4356.3.4. Optical Memories and Variable Delay Lines 4366.3.5. Nonintrusive Optical Sensors 4366.4. Conclusion 436References 436Standards 437Answers to Exercises 439Acronyms 445Index 463About the Author 487