Introduction to Weapons of Mass Destruction

R. EVERETT LANGFORD is a retired U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel who commanded the Army’s Toxicology Research Laboratory from 1991 to 1998. Dr. Langford has thirty years of experience in radiological health and industrial hygiene, working for the government in research, educational institutions as a college professor, the military as a subject-matter expert, and in industry as a manager and safety expert. Also, he is certified as an Industrial Hygienist, a Safety Professional, and a Professional Environmental Auditor.

“The general public, safety professionals, emergency responders, and those in the media will find this book useful.” (Cab International, 18th February 2005) "…its listings, compilation of data, brief technical histories and the sections dealing with containment are excellent…" (Chemistry & Industry, Issue 4, 21st February 2005)"Langford holds two Ph.D.'s in scientific disciplines relevant to the subject area of the book, and brings a wealth of experience in military service and industry…” (CHOICE, October 2004)"The target audiences for the book are clinicians and students who will appreciate the compactness of this reference. The book is also recommended for health, medical and hospital libraries as an useful 'ready' reference for quick access to information on microorganisms.” (E-STREAMS, August 2004)"Langford provides an excellent introduction to the historical use and effects of 'weapons of mass destruction'.… It's nice to have this much information in a single volume." (Chemical & Health Safety, August 2004)"If you want to get a good overview of mass destruction potential, this offers an easily understandable and practical insight into the variety of agents available and the basic information of understanding the mechanisms and potential responses to minimize their effects.” (Vet Human Toxicol, 46 (3) June 2004)

• 1. Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). Introduction to WMD.Nuclear Weapons.Biological Weapons.Chemical Weapons.Similarities of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons.Differences Among Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons.Aerosols.Dispersion.Exposure versus Dose.Toxicity, Dose, and Effects.Effects of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons on People.Human Anatomy and Physiology.The Skin.Ocular System.Digestive System.Nervous System.Reproductive System.Endocrine System.Blood and Circulatory System.Lymphatic System.Urinary System.The Liver.Summary.PART 1: RADIOLOGICAL WEAPONS.2. Nuclear Radiation.Atoms and Elements.Introduction to Nuclear Radiation.Process of Alpha Radiation.Process of Beta Radiation.Process of Gamma Radiation.Process of Neutron Radiation.Linear Energy Transfer (LET), Stopping Power , and Effects.Fission Fragments.Physiological Effects of Alpha Radiation.Physiological Effects of Beta Radiation.Physiological Effects of Gamma Radiation.Physiological Effects of Neutron Radiation.Time-Distance Shielding.Radiation Shielding.Summary.3. Brief History of Nuclear Weapons.Introduction.Pre-World War Two.World War Two Efforts.British and Commonwealth World War Two Developments.British and Commonwealth Post-War Developments.Russian Nuclear Weapons.French, Chinese, Indian, Pakistan, Israeli, and South African Nuclear Weapons.People’s Republic of China.India.Pakistan.Israel.South Africa.Post-War U.S. Developments.Modern Weapons.Arms Limitations.Test Ban Treatise.Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.Weapons Accidents and Missing Weapons.Today.Terrorism.World War II Dirty Bomb Operation.4. Types of Nuclear Weapons.Early Nuclear Weapons Designs.Second Generation Nuclear Weapons.The Hydrogen Bomb.Modern Nuclear Weapons.Delivery Systems.Weapons Detonator.Fission Initiator.Nuclear Power Reactor.Nuclear Reactor Waste.“Dirty” Bomb.Dull Sword.Broken Arrow.5. Effects of Nuclear Weapons.Introduction to Nuclear Weapons Effects.Blast and Thermal Effects.Fallout.Radiation Isopleths.Radiation Effects.Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP).Prompt Radiation.Induced Radiation.Burns, Trauma, and Wounds.Radiation Effects.Hematological Effects.Radiation-Induced Neurological Effects.Other Effects.Summary of Nuclear Bomb Effects.Consequences of a Dirty Bomb Explosion.6. Nuclear Weapons Detection, Protection, and Decontamination.Radiac Instrumentation.Ionization Chambers.Proportional Counters.Geiger-Mueller Detectors.Scintillation Detectors.Semiconductor Diode Detectors.Neutron Detection.Types of Field Radiac Instruments.Field Survey Meters.Alpha Meters.Gamma and X-ray Survey Meters.Dosimeters.Limitation of Radiac Instruments.Radiation Surveys.Radiation Monitoring Procedures.Prior to Entering the Radiation Area.Gamma Monitoring.Area Gamma-Exposure Monitoring Survey.Rapid Interior Gamma-Monitoring Survey.Rapid Contamination Survey.Personal Exposure Survey.Rapid Alpha-Monitoring Survey.Detailed Monitoring Survey.Air Sampling.Fallout Samples.Radiation-Monitoring and Decontamination Teams.Decontamination.7. Medical Treatment of Wounds from Nuclear Weapons.General Medical Aspects of Radiation.Flash Injury.Blast Injury.Thermal Injury.Radiation Injury.Management of Nuclear Patients.Mass Casualties.Handling and Managing Radioactively Contaminated Patients.Radiation Injuries.Loss of Medical Personnel.Transient Psychological Incapacitation.Radioprotectants.Summary.PART 2: BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS.8. Brief History of Biological Weapons.Use of Biological Weapons in Ancient Times.Modern History of Bioweapons.Advantages and Drawbacks for the Use of Biological Weapons.U.S. Bioweapons Programs.U.S.S.R. Bioweapons Programs.Chinese Bioweapons Program.Geneva Protocol of 1925.Biological Weapons Convention of 1972.Future Use of Bioweapons in War.Use of Biological Weapons in Terrorism.9. Bioweapons Disease and Medical Treatments.Introduction to Bioweapons.Aflatoxin.African Hemorrhagic Fever.Anthrax.Botulism.Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever (BHF) or Machupo Hemorrhagic Fever.Brucellosis.Chikungunya.Cholera.Coccidioidomycosis.Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.Dengue Fever.Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (EHF).Epidemic Typhus.Hantaviral Diseases.Influenza.Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever.Murine Typhus.O’nyong-nyong.Plague.Q Fever.Ricin Introxification.Rift Valley Fever.Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.Shigellosis.Staphyloccocal Enterotoxin B (SEB) Intoxification.Smallpox.Tularemia.Trichothecene Intoxification.Typhoid Fever.Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE).Genetically Modified Organisms.Fungi as Anti-crop Weapons.Wheat Stem Rust.Rye Stem Rust.Rice Blast.Zoonotic Diseases.Glanders.Psittacosis.Toxins.Saxitoxin.Tetrodotoxin.Prions.General Comments on Medical Treatment.Aerosol Particles.Management of Biological Warfare Patients.Summary.10. Delivery Systems for Bioweapons.Problems with Use of Bioweapons.Biological Organism Dissemination.Particle Size.Natural Vectors.Artillery Shells.Land Mines.Rockets.Bombs.Dispersal of Biological Agents.Exposure versus Dose.Toxicity, Dose, and Effects.Summary.11. Biological Weapon Detection, Protection, and Decontamination.Viability of Organisms.Laboratory Analyses.Surety.Laboratory Detection of Biological Agents.Military Field Detection of Biological Agents.Decontamination.PART 3: CHEMICAL WEAPONS.12. Introduction to Chemical Agents.Use of Chemical Weapons in Ancient Times.Modern History of Chemical Weapons.U.S. Chemical Weapons Program.U.S.S.R. Chemical Weapons Program.Chinese Chemical Weapons Program.Hague Convention of 1899.Geneva Protocol of 1925.Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993.Limitations of Chemical Agents Weapons in War.Future Use of Chemical Weapons.Lethal Chemical Agent Countermeasures.Current Status of Demilitarization of Chemical Weapons.13. Effects of Chemical Weapons and Medical Treatments.Types of Chemical Weapons.Blister Agents.Blood Agents.Choking Agents.Nerve Agents.Lacrimators.Vomiting Agents.Chemistry of Other Military Compounds.Psychogenics or Incapacitating Agents.Herbicides.Incendiaries.Smokes and Obscurants.Toxicity of Common Smoke Agents—Petroleum Smokes.Toxicity of Common Smoke Agents—HC (Hexachloroethylene) Smoke.Toxicity of Common Smoke Agents—Phosphorus Smokes.Toxicity of Common Smoke Agents—Brass.Toxicity of Common Smoke Agents—Dyes.Toxicity of Common Smoke Agents—Titanium Dioxide.Toxicity of Common Smoke Agents—Graphite.Details of Common Blister Agents.Details of Common Blood Agents.Details of Common Choking Agents.Details of Common Nerve Agents.Details of Common Tear Gases.Details of Common Vomiting Agents.Details of Common Incapacitating Agents.Details of Common Military Herbicides.Details of Common Battlefield Smokes and Obscurants.Summary.14. Delivery Systems for Chemical Weapons.Types of Chemical Weapon Delivery Systems.Artillery Shells.Land Mines.Rockets.Bombs.Bulk Storage Items.Dispersal of Chemical Agents.Exposure versus Dose.Toxicity, Dose, and Effects.Summary.15. Chemical Agent Safety, Protection, Detection, and Decontamination.Binary Chemical Weapons.Agent GB Binary.Agent GD Binary.Agent VX Binary.Decontamination of Personnel.Decontamination of Equipment.Chemical Agent Detection, Verification, and Identification.Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents by Individual Soldiers.Detection Paper.Detection Tubes.Detection Kits.Point Detection Devices.Battlefield Devices.Long Range Stand-Off Devices.Chemical Agent Depot Systems.Identification and Verification.The M93A1 Fox Nuclear-Biological-Chemical Reconnaissance System (NBCRS) Vehicle.Sample Collection in the Field.Laboratory Techniques.Experimental Chemical Agent Detectors.Antidotes for Nerve Agents.Antidote for Vesicants.Antidote for Other Chemical Warfare Agents.Detoxification.Protection Against Exposure to Chemical Agents.Gas Masks.Protective Clothing.U.S. Military Chemical Protective Equipment.Worker Protection.Personnel Protective Levels.Protective Level A.Protective Level Alternate A.Protective Level Modified A.Protective Level B.Protective level C.Protective Level D.Protective Level E.Protective Level F.MOOP.Initial Medical Treatment.Management of Chemical Agent Patients.Management of Exposure to Blister Agents.Management of Exposure to Blood Agents.Management of Exposure to Choking Agents.Management of Exposure to Nerve Agents.Management of Exposure to Lacrimators.Management of Exposure to Vomiting Agents.Command Structure.Unidentified Chemical Agent.Pre-Hospital Management.Hospital Treatment.General Comments on Medical Treatment.PART 4: SURVIVAL, PLANNING, AND CONTACTS.16. Summary of Weapons of Mass Destruction.Nuclear Attack.Radiation.Radiation Threat from Fallout or a Dirty Bomb.Biological Attack.Chemical Attack.Possible Signs of Chemical Threat.If You See Signs of Chemical Attack.High Rise Buildings.If There Is an Explosion.If There Is A Fire.If You Are Trapped in Debris.Pre-Attack Planning.Create a Family Plan.Emergency Information.Emergency Plans.Deciding to Stay or Go.Staying Put.To “Shelter-in-Place.”What To Do in a Chemical Agent Incident.Getting Away.Create and Execute an Evacuation Plan.If Time Allows.Learn How and When to Turn Off Utilities.At Work or at School.Employers.U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Evacuation Matrix.Neighborhoods and Apartment Buildings.Schools and Daycare Facilities.In A Moving Vehicle.If You Think You Have Been Exposed to a Chemical Agent.Contracts and Sources of Information.U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) State and Territory Offices.U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID).U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA).U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Regional Offices.17. References.General Comments.References.Authored.Glossary.Index.