G. T. Hefter and R. P. T. Tomkins are the authors of The Experimental Determination of Solubilities, published by Wiley.

"...a must for any serious library...the value of this volume and this series extends far beyond chemistry..." (Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol 19 (10), October 2005)

• List of Contributors xiSeries Preface xvPreface xviiAcknowledgements xxiList of Symbols xxiiiQuantities, Units and Conversions 1John W. Lorimer1. Quantities and Units Used to Describe Solubility 22. Quantities and Units Used to Describe Solubilities of Gases 63. References 141 Fundamentals of Solubility 17Chapter 1.1 Thermodynamics of Solubility 19John W. Lorimer and Roger Cohen-Adad1. Introduction 192. Basic Definitions in Thermodynamics of Solubility 193. Thermodynamics of Solubility 224. Solubility of Gases in Liquids 265. Solubility of Liquids in Liquids 416. Solubility of Solids in Liquids 507. Concluding Remarks 628. References 62Appendix A: Some Useful Thermodynamic Concepts and Relations 70Appendix B: Numerical and Statistical Procedures in Constructing Fitting Equations 74Chapter 1.2 Kinetics and Mechanisms of Crystal Growth and Dissolution 77Jørgen Christoffersen and Margaret R. Christoffersen1. Introduction 772. Fundamental Concepts 773. Mechanisms and Rate Expressions for Dissolution and Growth 814. Comparison of Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics 935. Kinetics of Approach to Equilibrium 936. Summary of Rate-determining Mechanisms 957. Acknowledgement 958. References 962 Gases 99Chapter 2.1 Solubility of Gases in Liquids 101H. Lawrence Clever and Rubin Battino1. Introduction 1012. Quantities Used as a Measure of Gas Solubility 1023. The Solution Components 1074. Degassing The Solvent 1085. Experimental Methods 1106. Related Experiments that Complement Gas Solubility Data 1307. Treatment of Data 1328. Standards 1379. Summary and Recommendations 14410. References 145Chapter 2.2 Solubility of Gases in Polymers 151Y uri Y ampolski and Russell Paterson1. Introduction 1512. Manometric Methods 1523. Gravimetric Methods 1564. Inverse Gas Chromatography 1605. Miscellaneous 1656. Conclusions 1677. References 168Chapter 2.3 Solubility of Gases in Molten Salts and Molten Metals 173Reginald P.T. Tomkins1. Solubility of Gases in Molten Salts 1732. Solubility of Gases in Molten Metals 2033. References 215Chapter 2.4 Solubility of Gases in Solid Metals 219Y Sakamoto and F. A. Lewis1. Sieverts Method 2202. Equilibrate.Quench.Analyze Method 2223. Gravimetric Method 2244. Changes of Lattice Parameters and Electrical Resistivity Due to Dissolved Hydrogen in Metals 2255. Determination of Changes of Hydrogen Solubilities from Measurements of Electrode Potential Under Conditions of Controlled Electolyte Stirring 2286. References 2323 Liquids 235Chapter 3 Liquid–Liquid Solubilities 237Glenn T. Hefter1. Introduction 2372. The Synthetic Method 2383. The Analytical Method 2444. Miscellaneous Methods 2495. Sample Purity 2536. Test Systems 2537. References 2544 Solids 257Chapter 4.1 Solubility of Solids in Liquids 259Roger Cohen-Adad and Marie-Thérèse Cohen Adad1. General Review of Methods 2592. Analytical Methods 2643. Synthetic Methods 2774. Combinatorial. Methods 3065. Summary of Experimental Difficulties 3096. References 311Chapter 4.2 Solubility of Sparingly Soluble Ionic Solids in Liquids 315Heinz Gamsjger and Erich Königsberger1. Introduction 3152. Fundamentals and Applications of Solubility Measurements 3163. The Experimental Determination of Solubilities of Sparingly Soluble Compounds 3314. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations 3515. References 353Chapter 4.3 Solubility of Salt–Water Systems at High Temperatures and Pressures 359Vladimir M. Valyashko and B.R. Churagulov1. Introduction 3592. Phase Diagram Construction (Theory) 3613. Methods and Equipment for Studying Phase Equilibria in Aqueous Systems at High Pressures and Temperatures 3874. References 427Chapter 4.4 Solubility of Metals and Non-metallic Substances in Liquid Metals 437Cezary Guminski and Hans U. Borgstedt1. Methods Based on Phase Separation 4372. Methods Without Separation of the Solute from the Saturated Solution 4483. Indirect Methods 4654. Solubility Determinations of Metals and Non-metals in Solid Metals 4695. References 469Chapter 4.5 Solubility of Solids in Solids 477James Sangster1. Introduction 4772. The Equilibrium Phase Diagram 4773. Thermal Analysis 4794. Quenching Followed by Analysis 4855. X-Ray Examination 4866. Ionic Conductivity 4867. Interdiffusion 4878. Other Methods 4879. References 4895 Special Systems 491Chapter 5.1 Solubility of Solids and Liquids in Supercritical Fluids 493Karel Aim and Maurizio Fermeglia1. Introduction 4932. Basic Equations and Nomenclature 4963. Experimental Determination of Solubilities in Dense Gases 4984. Static Methods 5045. Recirculation Methods 5156. Flow Methods 5227. Saturation (Transpiration) Methods 5288. Dew- and Bubble-point Methods 5349. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 53810. References 541Chapter 5.2 Solubility of Solids and Liquids in Cryogenic Liquids 557Elzbieta Szczepaniec-Cieciak1. Introduction 5572. Experimental Techniques for the Determination of Solid.Liquid (S.L) and Solid.Liquid.Vapor (S.L.V) Equilibria in Cryogenic Systems 5653. Concluding Remarks 5844. References 586Chapter 5.3 Solubility of Polymers in Liquids 595Sonja Krause1. Sample Problems 5962. Kinetic Problems 6003. Phase Diagrams 6014. Methods 6055. References 615Index 617

G. T. Hefter and R. P. T. Tomkins are the authors of The Experimental Determination of Solubilities, published by Wiley.

"...a must for any serious library...the value of this volume and this series extends far beyond chemistry..." (Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol 19 (10), October 2005)

• List of Contributors xiSeries Preface xvPreface xviiAcknowledgements xxiList of Symbols xxiiiQuantities, Units and Conversions 1John W. Lorimer1. Quantities and Units Used to Describe Solubility 22. Quantities and Units Used to Describe Solubilities of Gases 63. References 141 Fundamentals of Solubility 17Chapter 1.1 Thermodynamics of Solubility 19John W. Lorimer and Roger Cohen-Adad1. Introduction 192. Basic Definitions in Thermodynamics of Solubility 193. Thermodynamics of Solubility 224. Solubility of Gases in Liquids 265. Solubility of Liquids in Liquids 416. Solubility of Solids in Liquids 507. Concluding Remarks 628. References 62Appendix A: Some Useful Thermodynamic Concepts and Relations 70Appendix B: Numerical and Statistical Procedures in Constructing Fitting Equations 74Chapter 1.2 Kinetics and Mechanisms of Crystal Growth and Dissolution 77Jørgen Christoffersen and Margaret R. Christoffersen1. Introduction 772. Fundamental Concepts 773. Mechanisms and Rate Expressions for Dissolution and Growth 814. Comparison of Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics 935. Kinetics of Approach to Equilibrium 936. Summary of Rate-determining Mechanisms 957. Acknowledgement 958. References 962 Gases 99Chapter 2.1 Solubility of Gases in Liquids 101H. Lawrence Clever and Rubin Battino1. Introduction 1012. Quantities Used as a Measure of Gas Solubility 1023. The Solution Components 1074. Degassing The Solvent 1085. Experimental Methods 1106. Related Experiments that Complement Gas Solubility Data 1307. Treatment of Data 1328. Standards 1379. Summary and Recommendations 14410. References 145Chapter 2.2 Solubility of Gases in Polymers 151Y uri Y ampolski and Russell Paterson1. Introduction 1512. Manometric Methods 1523. Gravimetric Methods 1564. Inverse Gas Chromatography 1605. Miscellaneous 1656. Conclusions 1677. References 168Chapter 2.3 Solubility of Gases in Molten Salts and Molten Metals 173Reginald P.T. Tomkins1. Solubility of Gases in Molten Salts 1732. Solubility of Gases in Molten Metals 2033. References 215Chapter 2.4 Solubility of Gases in Solid Metals 219Y Sakamoto and F. A. Lewis1. Sieverts Method 2202. Equilibrate.Quench.Analyze Method 2223. Gravimetric Method 2244. Changes of Lattice Parameters and Electrical Resistivity Due to Dissolved Hydrogen in Metals 2255. Determination of Changes of Hydrogen Solubilities from Measurements of Electrode Potential Under Conditions of Controlled Electolyte Stirring 2286. References 2323 Liquids 235Chapter 3 Liquid–Liquid Solubilities 237Glenn T. Hefter1. Introduction 2372. The Synthetic Method 2383. The Analytical Method 2444. Miscellaneous Methods 2495. Sample Purity 2536. Test Systems 2537. References 2544 Solids 257Chapter 4.1 Solubility of Solids in Liquids 259Roger Cohen-Adad and Marie-Thérèse Cohen Adad1. General Review of Methods 2592. Analytical Methods 2643. Synthetic Methods 2774. Combinatorial. Methods 3065. Summary of Experimental Difficulties 3096. References 311Chapter 4.2 Solubility of Sparingly Soluble Ionic Solids in Liquids 315Heinz Gamsjger and Erich Königsberger1. Introduction 3152. Fundamentals and Applications of Solubility Measurements 3163. The Experimental Determination of Solubilities of Sparingly Soluble Compounds 3314. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations 3515. References 353Chapter 4.3 Solubility of Salt–Water Systems at High Temperatures and Pressures 359Vladimir M. Valyashko and B.R. Churagulov1. Introduction 3592. Phase Diagram Construction (Theory) 3613. Methods and Equipment for Studying Phase Equilibria in Aqueous Systems at High Pressures and Temperatures 3874. References 427Chapter 4.4 Solubility of Metals and Non-metallic Substances in Liquid Metals 437Cezary Guminski and Hans U. Borgstedt1. Methods Based on Phase Separation 4372. Methods Without Separation of the Solute from the Saturated Solution 4483. Indirect Methods 4654. Solubility Determinations of Metals and Non-metals in Solid Metals 4695. References 469Chapter 4.5 Solubility of Solids in Solids 477James Sangster1. Introduction 4772. The Equilibrium Phase Diagram 4773. Thermal Analysis 4794. Quenching Followed by Analysis 4855. X-Ray Examination 4866. Ionic Conductivity 4867. Interdiffusion 4878. Other Methods 4879. References 4895 Special Systems 491Chapter 5.1 Solubility of Solids and Liquids in Supercritical Fluids 493Karel Aim and Maurizio Fermeglia1. Introduction 4932. Basic Equations and Nomenclature 4963. Experimental Determination of Solubilities in Dense Gases 4984. Static Methods 5045. Recirculation Methods 5156. Flow Methods 5227. Saturation (Transpiration) Methods 5288. Dew- and Bubble-point Methods 5349. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 53810. References 541Chapter 5.2 Solubility of Solids and Liquids in Cryogenic Liquids 557Elzbieta Szczepaniec-Cieciak1. Introduction 5572. Experimental Techniques for the Determination of Solid.Liquid (S.L) and Solid.Liquid.Vapor (S.L.V) Equilibria in Cryogenic Systems 5653. Concluding Remarks 5844. References 586Chapter 5.3 Solubility of Polymers in Liquids 595Sonja Krause1. Sample Problems 5962. Kinetic Problems 6003. Phase Diagrams 6014. Methods 6055. References 615Index 617

G. T. Hefter and R. P. T. Tomkins are the authors of The Experimental Determination of Solubilities, published by Wiley.

"...a must for any serious library...the value of this volume and this series extends far beyond chemistry..." (Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol 19 (10), October 2005)

• List of Contributors xiSeries Preface xvPreface xviiAcknowledgements xxiList of Symbols xxiiiQuantities, Units and Conversions 1John W. Lorimer1. Quantities and Units Used to Describe Solubility 22. Quantities and Units Used to Describe Solubilities of Gases 63. References 141 Fundamentals of Solubility 17Chapter 1.1 Thermodynamics of Solubility 19John W. Lorimer and Roger Cohen-Adad1. Introduction 192. Basic Definitions in Thermodynamics of Solubility 193. Thermodynamics of Solubility 224. Solubility of Gases in Liquids 265. Solubility of Liquids in Liquids 416. Solubility of Solids in Liquids 507. Concluding Remarks 628. References 62Appendix A: Some Useful Thermodynamic Concepts and Relations 70Appendix B: Numerical and Statistical Procedures in Constructing Fitting Equations 74Chapter 1.2 Kinetics and Mechanisms of Crystal Growth and Dissolution 77Jørgen Christoffersen and Margaret R. Christoffersen1. Introduction 772. Fundamental Concepts 773. Mechanisms and Rate Expressions for Dissolution and Growth 814. Comparison of Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics 935. Kinetics of Approach to Equilibrium 936. Summary of Rate-determining Mechanisms 957. Acknowledgement 958. References 962 Gases 99Chapter 2.1 Solubility of Gases in Liquids 101H. Lawrence Clever and Rubin Battino1. Introduction 1012. Quantities Used as a Measure of Gas Solubility 1023. The Solution Components 1074. Degassing The Solvent 1085. Experimental Methods 1106. Related Experiments that Complement Gas Solubility Data 1307. Treatment of Data 1328. Standards 1379. Summary and Recommendations 14410. References 145Chapter 2.2 Solubility of Gases in Polymers 151Y uri Y ampolski and Russell Paterson1. Introduction 1512. Manometric Methods 1523. Gravimetric Methods 1564. Inverse Gas Chromatography 1605. Miscellaneous 1656. Conclusions 1677. References 168Chapter 2.3 Solubility of Gases in Molten Salts and Molten Metals 173Reginald P.T. Tomkins1. Solubility of Gases in Molten Salts 1732. Solubility of Gases in Molten Metals 2033. References 215Chapter 2.4 Solubility of Gases in Solid Metals 219Y Sakamoto and F. A. Lewis1. Sieverts Method 2202. Equilibrate.Quench.Analyze Method 2223. Gravimetric Method 2244. Changes of Lattice Parameters and Electrical Resistivity Due to Dissolved Hydrogen in Metals 2255. Determination of Changes of Hydrogen Solubilities from Measurements of Electrode Potential Under Conditions of Controlled Electolyte Stirring 2286. References 2323 Liquids 235Chapter 3 Liquid–Liquid Solubilities 237Glenn T. Hefter1. Introduction 2372. The Synthetic Method 2383. The Analytical Method 2444. Miscellaneous Methods 2495. Sample Purity 2536. Test Systems 2537. References 2544 Solids 257Chapter 4.1 Solubility of Solids in Liquids 259Roger Cohen-Adad and Marie-Thérèse Cohen Adad1. General Review of Methods 2592. Analytical Methods 2643. Synthetic Methods 2774. Combinatorial. Methods 3065. Summary of Experimental Difficulties 3096. References 311Chapter 4.2 Solubility of Sparingly Soluble Ionic Solids in Liquids 315Heinz Gamsjger and Erich Königsberger1. Introduction 3152. Fundamentals and Applications of Solubility Measurements 3163. The Experimental Determination of Solubilities of Sparingly Soluble Compounds 3314. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations 3515. References 353Chapter 4.3 Solubility of Salt–Water Systems at High Temperatures and Pressures 359Vladimir M. Valyashko and B.R. Churagulov1. Introduction 3592. Phase Diagram Construction (Theory) 3613. Methods and Equipment for Studying Phase Equilibria in Aqueous Systems at High Pressures and Temperatures 3874. References 427Chapter 4.4 Solubility of Metals and Non-metallic Substances in Liquid Metals 437Cezary Guminski and Hans U. Borgstedt1. Methods Based on Phase Separation 4372. Methods Without Separation of the Solute from the Saturated Solution 4483. Indirect Methods 4654. Solubility Determinations of Metals and Non-metals in Solid Metals 4695. References 469Chapter 4.5 Solubility of Solids in Solids 477James Sangster1. Introduction 4772. The Equilibrium Phase Diagram 4773. Thermal Analysis 4794. Quenching Followed by Analysis 4855. X-Ray Examination 4866. Ionic Conductivity 4867. Interdiffusion 4878. Other Methods 4879. References 4895 Special Systems 491Chapter 5.1 Solubility of Solids and Liquids in Supercritical Fluids 493Karel Aim and Maurizio Fermeglia1. Introduction 4932. Basic Equations and Nomenclature 4963. Experimental Determination of Solubilities in Dense Gases 4984. Static Methods 5045. Recirculation Methods 5156. Flow Methods 5227. Saturation (Transpiration) Methods 5288. Dew- and Bubble-point Methods 5349. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 53810. References 541Chapter 5.2 Solubility of Solids and Liquids in Cryogenic Liquids 557Elzbieta Szczepaniec-Cieciak1. Introduction 5572. Experimental Techniques for the Determination of Solid.Liquid (S.L) and Solid.Liquid.Vapor (S.L.V) Equilibria in Cryogenic Systems 5653. Concluding Remarks 5844. References 586Chapter 5.3 Solubility of Polymers in Liquids 595Sonja Krause1. Sample Problems 5962. Kinetic Problems 6003. Phase Diagrams 6014. Methods 6055. References 615Index 617