Water Encyclopedia, Ground Water

Jay Lehr is Senior Scientist at the Heartland Institute and Senior Scientist at Bennett & Williams, Inc. He has written 14 books and over 500 articles on environmental science. He received the nation’s first Ph.D. in Ground Water Science form the university of Arizona in 1962. For 25 years he headed the Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers. In addition, Dr. Lehr has experience as an academic researcher in environmental science and helped the federal government develop several levels of environmental regulations, including the areas of surface water and ground water. Jack Keeley is the former Chief of Groundwater Research at the USEPA Kerr Water Resource Research Laboratory in Ada, Oklahoma.

"Inclusion of this set in reference library collections is...mandatory." (Journal of Hazardous Materials, January 2006)

• Preface ixContributors xiGround WaterAcid Mine Drainage: Sources and Treatment in the United States 1Aquifers 9Artificial Recharge of Unconfined Aquifer 11Groundwater and Arsenic: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 17Treatment of Arsenic, Chromium, and Biofouling in Water Supply Wells 22Artesian Water 29Modeling Contaminant Transport and Biodegradation in Groundwater 30Biofouling in Water Wells 35In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Groundwater 38Process Limitations of In Situ Bioremediation of Groundwater 42Black Mesa Monitoring Program 48Brine Deposits 51Connate Water 54Consolidated Water Bearing Rocks 55Sensitivity of Groundwater to Contamination 56Water Contamination by Low Level OrganicWaste Compounds in the Hydrologic System 60Darcy’s Law 63Groundwater Dating with Radiocarbon 64Groundwater Dating with H–He 65Dating Groundwaters with Tritium 69Recharge in Desert Regions Around The World 72Hydrologic Feasibility Assessment and Design in Phytoremediation 76Well Design and Construction 87Physical Properties of DNAPLs and Groundwater Contamination 91Water Dowsing (Witching) 92Subsurface Drainage 94Drawdown 101Water Level Drawdown 102Water Well Drilling Techniques 105Groundwater Dye Tracing in Karst 107Earthquakes—Rattling the Earth’s Plumbing System 111In Situ Electrokinetic Treatment of MtBE, Benzene, and Chlorinated Solvents 116Field Capacity 124Groundwater Flow Properties 128Fluoride Contamination in Ground Water 130Rock Fracture 136Geochemical Models 138Geochemical Modeling-Computer Codes 140Geochemical Modeling—Computer Code Concepts 142Geological Occurrence of Groundwater 145Geophysics and Remote Sensing 145Geothermal Water 156Ghijben–Herzberg Equilibrium 158Groundwater Balance 162Hydraulic Head 169The Role of Heat in Groundwater Systems 172Groundwater Flow in Heterogenetic Sediments and Fractured Rock Systems 175Horizontal Wells 177Horizontal Wells in Groundwater Remediation 178Head 180Well Hydraulics and Aquifer Tests 182Hydraulic Properties Characterization 184Mobility of Humic Substances in Groundwater 188Assessment of Groundwater Quality in District Hardwar, Uttaranchal, India 192Irrigation Water Quality in District Hardwar, Uttaranchal, India 204Infiltration and Soil Water Processes 210Infiltration/Capacity/Rates 212Infiltrometers 214Summary of Isotopes in Contaminant Hydrogeology 216Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology 227Water-Jetting Drilling Technologies for Well Installation And In Situ Remediation of Hydrocarbons, Solvents, and Metals 234Karst Hydrology 235Karst Topography 243Detecting Modern Groundwaters with 85Kr 248Land Use Impacts on Groundwater Quality 250Groundwater Contamination From Municipal Landfills in the USA 253Metal Organic Interactions in Subtitle D Landfill Leachates and Associated Ground Waters 258Leaching 260Well Maintenance 263Megawatersheds 266Mass Transport in Saturated Media 273Soil and Water Contamination by Heavy Metals 275Source, Mobility, and Remediation of Metals 280Genetics of Metal Tolerance and Accumulation in Higher Plants 284In Situ Groundwater Remediation for Heavy Metal Contamination 290Methane in Groundwater 293Fossil Aquifers 294What is a Hydrochemical Model? 295Modeling Non-Point Source Pollutants in the Vadose Zone Using GIS 299Modeling Techniques for Solute Transport in Groundwater 305Ambient Groundwater Monitoring Network Strategies and Design 313Limiting Geochemical Factors in Remediation Using Monitored Natural Attenuation and Enhanced Bioremediation 319Nitrate Contamination of Groundwater 322Treatment for Nitrates in Groundwater 323Nonpoint Sources 331Organic Compounds in Ground Water 337Overdraft 340Chemical Oxidation Technologies for Groundwater Remediation 344Particulate Transport in Groundwater—Bacteria and Colloids 349Perched Groundwater 352Permeability 355Groundwater Vulnerability to Pesticides: An Overview of Approaches and Methods of Evaluation 357High pH Groundwater—The Effect of The Dissolution of Hardened Cement Pastes 362Phytoextraction and Phytostabilization: Technical, Economic and Regulatory Considerations of the Soil-Lead Issue 365Phytoextraction of Zinc and Cadmium from Soils Using Hyperaccumulator Plants 369Phytoremediation Enhancement of Natural Attenuation Processes 374Bacteria Role in the Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals 376Phytoremediation of Lead-Contaminated Soils 381Phytoremediation of Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether 385Phytoremediation of Selenium-Laden Soils 397Soil Pipes and Pipe Flow 401Low Flow Groundwater Purging and Surging 404Groundwater Quality 406Radial Wells 407Recharge in Arid Regions 408Sub-Surface Redox Chemistry: A Comparison of Equilibrium and Reaction-Based Approaches 413Regional Flow Systems 417Groundwater Remediation by Injection and Problem Prevention 421Groundwater Remediation: In Situ Passive Methods 423Groundwater Remediation by In Situ Aeration and Volatilization 426Remediation of Contaminated Soils 432Groundwater Remediation Project Life Cycle 436Innovative Contaminated Groundwater Remediation Technologies 438Resistivity Methods 443Risk Analysis of Buried Wastes From Electricity Generation 448Groundwater Contamination from Runoff 451Saline Seep 453Groundwater Sampling Techniques for Environmental Projects 454Groundwater Sampling with Passive Diffusion Samplers 456Specific Capacity 460Soil Water 461Soil and Groundwater Geochemistry and Microbiology 463Characterizing Soil Spatial Variability 465Deep Soil-Water Movement 471Specific Gravity 473Hot Springs 475Squeezing Water from Rock 477Storage Coefficient 480Qanats: An Ingenious Sustainable Groundwater Resource System 483Lysimeters 487Steady-State Flow Aquifer Tests 491Tidal Efficiency 497Combined Free and Porous Flow in the Subsurface 498Groundwater Tracing 501Hydraulic Conductivity/Transmissibility 507Groundwater Flow and Transport Process 514Reactive Transport in The Saturated Zone: Case Histories for Permeable Reactive Barriers 518Transport of Reactive Solute in Soil and Groundwater 524Water in The Unsaturated Zone 531Groundwater and Vadose Zone Hydrology 533Vadose Zone Monitoring Techniques 538Vapor Transport in the Unsaturated Zone 543Applications of Soil Vapor Data to Groundwater Investigations 548Groundwater Velocities 554Viscous Flow 555Vulnerability Mapping of Groundwater Resources 561Water/Rocks Interaction 566Ground Water: Wells 571Well Screens 572Well TEST 574Safe Yield of an Aquifer 575Specific Yield Storage Equation 576Microbial Processes Affecting Monitored Natural Attenuation of Contaminants in the Subsurface 578Groundwater Vulnerability to Pesticides: Statistical Approaches 594Groundwater—Nature’s Hidden Treasure 599Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams 605The Environmental Impact of Iron in Groundwater 608Groundwater and Cobalt: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 610Groundwater and Cadmium: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 613Groundwater Modeling 619Groundwater and Benzene: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 626Groundwater and Nitrate: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 628Groundwater and Perchlorate: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 631Groundwater and Vinyl Chloride: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 634Groundwater and Uranium: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 640Groundwater and Mercury: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 642Groundwater and Lead: Chemical Behavior and Treatment 645Laminar Flow 649Finite Element Modeling of Coupled Free and Porous Flow 655Unconfined Groundwater 662Modeling of DNAPL Migration in Saturated Porous Media 668The Use of Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) for Monitoring, Exposure, and Toxicity Assessment 672River-Connected Aquifers: Geophysics, Stratigraphy, Hydrogeology, and Geochemistry 677Index 689Cumulative Index 711