Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring

Gloria M. Galloway MD is Director of the Evoked Potential Monitoring Program at Nationwide Children's Hospital and a Professor of Clinical Neurology and Clinical Pediatrics at the Ohio State University College of Medicine, OH, USA. Marc R. Nuwer is Professor, Department of Neurology, David Geffin UCLA School of Medicine and Department Head, Clinical Neurophysiology, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA. Jaime R. Lopez MD is Associate Professor, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Khaled M. Zamel MD is an attending physician at Nationwide Children's Hospital and an Assistant Professor of Clinical Pediatrics and Clinical Neurology at the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.

• Preface; 1. Introduction, history, and staffing for intraoperative monitoring; 2. The preoperative assessment; 3. Magnetic stimulation; 4. The operating room environment and team approach: pitfalls and technical factors; 5. Basic pharmacology of anesthetic agents and their effects on neurophysiological monitoring; 6. Somatosensory evoked potential monitoring with scalp and cervical recording; 7. Transcranial electric motor stimulation: technique and exclusionary criteria; 8. Electrocorticography and intraoperative electroencephalography; 9. Brainstem auditory evoked potential monitoring; 10. Pedicle screw application and electromyographic recording; 11. Cranial nerve monitoring; 12. Peripheral nerve monitoring: basics and indications; 13. Special consideration in pediatric surgical monitoring; 14. Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring of vascular disorders; 15. Selective dorsal rhizotomies: technique and protocol for monitoring; 16. Interpreting and reporting the neurophysiological data to the surgical team: how to do it and when is it indicated?; 17. Intraoperative wake-up test; 18. Postoperative studies and outcomes: clinical indications and usefulness of a postoperative study; Index.