Course in Phonology

Iggy Roca is Professor in the Department of Language and Linguistics at the University of Essex. He specializes in phonology and is the author of Generative Phonology (1994) and the editor of Derivations and Constraints in Phonology (1997). Wyn Johnson wrote her doctorate on the lexical phonology of French, and has been teaching phonology at the University of Essex since 1983.

"An outstanding didactic achievement likely to replace other publications in the area of introductory phonology ... An excellent introduction to the theory and practice of mainstream generative phonology and should be on the reading list of any course on this topic. It has been written by people who are not only exceptionally good at doing linguistics, but also at teaching it." Lingua"A Course in Phonology is a success story overall, in terms of its vast coverage and its pedagogical goals. Roca and Johnson are to be congratulated on this accomplishment, to be sure, as these will be features that will appeal to students and instructors alike. The presentation is logical and clear. Exercises are well chosen ... I have no doubt that A Course in Phonology will be, because of its depth and coverage and its attention to pedagogical concerns, the book of choice for many instructors of phonology." Phonology "Roca has done an impressive job of covering the broad field of phonology in a comprehensive yet accessible manner. Beginning with the basic principles of phonological investigation, the text leads the reader through all major theoretical frameworks, up to and including Optimality Theory. Professor Roca's experience as an educator is evident in both content and quality; constant self-checks ensure the active participation of the reader." Kevin Vardin, Meiji Gakuin University "[T]he meticulous care and exceptionally readable manner in which this broadly-based survey of phonology is presented will almost certainly ensure it becomes a highly successful introduction to the field." Journal of the International Phonetic Association

• Preface xvAcknowledgements xviiReading Logistics xviiiKey to Symbols xxPart I: Phonetics and Phonology 11 How Are Sounds Made? The Production of Obstruents 31 Speech Sounds 32 Fricatives: Place and Manner of Articulation 63 Phonetic Transcription 74 A Hissing Fricative 95 A Fricative in the Back of the Mouth 116 A Laryngeal Fricative 147 Voice 168 The Stop Gesture 199 More Stops 2010 Still More Fricatives 2311 Affricates 2512 Summing Up 26Key Questions 29Further Practice 292 Introducing Phonology: Assimilation 311 On How Bilabial Stops Become Labiodental 312 Total Place Assimilation in Stops 343 Voice Assimilation 384 The Organization of Language 415 Basic and Derived Forms 456 The Formalization of Rules 497 Derivations 528 Phonetics and Phonology 54Key Questions 56Further Practice 573 Sonorant Consonants 581 General Properties of Sonorants 592 Nasality 603 The Universal Nasal 634 Other Nasal Consonants 655 Liquids 696 Laterals 707 Rhotics 748 Summing Up 81Key Questions 83Further Practice 834 Natural Classes of Sounds: Distinctive Features 851 Descriptive Phonetic Parameters 862 Distinctive Features 873 Naturalness and Formal Economy 904 Place Assimilation in Nasals: Natural Classes 925 The Feature “Coronal”. Active and Passive Articulators 966 Single-Value Features 977 Constraining Rules: Autosegmental Formalism 998 Functional Groupings of Features 1029 Feature Dependencies 105Key Questions 112Further Practice 1125 Vowel Sounds: Cardinal Vowels 1141 On What Vowels Are and How They Are Made 1152 The Two Basic Cardinal Vowels 1173 The Four Corner Primary Cardinal Vowels: Two Axial Parameters 1194 Four Perceptually Intermediate Primary Cardinal Vowels: The Roundness Parameter 1235 Cardinal Vowels and Real-World Vowels: Diacritic Symbols 1266 Some Vowel Typology: The Basic Vowel Triangle 1277 Quantum Vowels 1298 Secondary Cardinal Vowels: Front Round Vowels 1309 Back Secondary Cardinal Vowels 13410 Central Vowels 137Key Questions 140Further Practice 1416 Phonological Processes Involving Vowel Features 1431 Distinctive Features for Vowels 1442 Feature Dependencies 1463 Two More Distinctive Features 1474 Back Harmony in Turkish 1495 Lexical Underspecification 1526 Vowel Disharmony 1547 The No-Crossing Constraint 1578 German Umlaut 1609 English Plurals 164Key Questions 167Further Practice 1677 The Vowels of English 1691 Variation in English 1692 The Four Corner Vowels 1733 Intermediate Primary Vowels 1784 More Lax Vowels 1815 Central Vowels 1866 Homogeneous Diphthongs 1907 Heterogeneous Diphthongs 1958 Centring Diphthongs 199Key Questions 202Further Practice 2028 The Timing Tier and the Great Vowel Shift 2041 A Puzzle with Affricates 2052 The Timing Tier 2073 A Strange Set of Vowel Alternations in English 2104 Short ~ Long Vowel Alternations 2125 The Great Vowel Shift 2146 The Synchronic Reflex of the GVS. Vowel Primes    and Vowel Processes 2187 The SPE Account 2218 Further Repercussions of the Vowel Shift 2239 Multidimensional Phonology: The Skeleton 226Key Questions 229Further Practice 229Part II: Suprasegmental Structure 2339 The Syllable 2351 The Shape of Children’s Early Utterances 2362 Structure of the Core Syllable 2383 Sonority and the Syllable 2414 The Coda 2425 The Rime 2446 Basic Syllable Typology 2457 The Nature of the Syllable 2488 Complex Nuclei 2499 Complex Onsets 25210 The Sonority Hierarchy 25311 Sonority Distance 256Key Questions 258Further Practice 25910 Syllable Complexity: English Phonotactics 2611 Complex Codas 2622 Non-Vocalic Nuclei 2653 Vowels in Disguise 2684 Onset Vowels. The “OCP” 2715 Syllabification of [ı˘u] 2756 Onset Fulfilment 2787 Onset Maximization. English Stop Allophony 2798 No Complex Codas in English 2849 The Antics of /s/ 288Key Questions 291Further Practice 29211 The Phenomenon of Stress: Rhythm 2941 Syllable Prominence 2952 Word Prominence 2963 Metrical Grids 2994 Motivating Stress Constrasts 3005 The Distribution of Stress in Personal Names 3026 Stress Retraction under Clash 3047 Word-Internal Stress Retraction 3078 Retraction Failures: The Continuous Column Constraint 3109 Rhythm 31210 Segmental Evidence for Stress: Vowel Reduction 31411 Stop Allophony 315Key Questions 318Further Practice 31812 Metrical Principles and Parameters 3211 English Phrasal and Compound Stress 3212 Extrametricality 3233 The Elsewhere Condition 3254 Stress Assignment in Words 3275 Basic Stress Pattern of English Nouns 3296 The Metrical Foot 3317 Main Word Stress in English 3338 Multiple Stress 3359 Stress Typology: Metrical Parameters 33810 Word-Level Stress: Line Conflation 342Key Questions 346Further Practice 34613 Syllable Weight. Further Metrical Machinery 3491 An Additional Pattern of Stress in English 3492 Syllable Weight and Metrical Accent 3523 The Word-Final Consonant 3574 Long Vowels in the Last Syllable 3595 Moras 3616 Foot Structure and Universal Rhythm 3657 Non-Rhythmic Stress 3688 Unbounded Feet 3719 Idiosyncratic Accent 373Key Questions 379Further Practice 37914 Tonal Phonology 3821 The Phenomenon of Intonation 3832 The Mechanics of Intonation 3843 The Primitives of Intonation 3854 Autosegmental Intonation 3875 Stress and Intonation 3896 Non-Lexical Tones 3907 Three Types of Intonational Tones 3918 Sentence Intonation 3929 Tone Languages 39310 Pitch Accent Languages 39511 Principles of Autosegmental Association 39912 Floating Tones 402Key Questions 406Further Practice 406Part III: Advanced Theory 40915 Modes of Application: The Cycle 4111 Staged Grid Construction 4122 Cyclic Tone Association 4153 Non-Cyclic Refooting 4184 Final Stress Retraction 4225 Vowel Shortening 4246 Strict Cyclicity 4277 Non-Cyclic Accenting 4298 Word-Internal Stress Cycle 4329 The Structure of the Word-Final Syllable 436Key Questions 441Further Practice 44116 Domains of Application: Lexical and Prosodic Phonology 4441 Three-Mora Feet? 4442 Violations of the Three-Syllable Window 4463 Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Affixes 4494 The Interaction between Morphology and Phonology 4515 The Scope of Peripherality 4556 Word-Internal Cohesion: The Bracket Erasure Convention 4577 Non-Cyclic Processes 4598 Ordered Affixes 4659 Lexical Phonology: Problematic Orderings 46910 The Phonological Phrase 47211 The Intonational Phrase 47612 The Phonological Utterance 48013 Properties of Phonological Domains 48114 Subphrasal Phonological Domains 48315 Segmental Affiliation to the Phonological Word 48616 Small Phonological Words 488Key Questions 494Further Practice 49517 Aspects of Lexical Representation: Underspecification, Markedness and Feature Geometry 4981 Effects of Strict Cyclicity 4992 Lexical Underspecification 5023 Feature Transparency as Underspecification 5044 Underspecification and Markedness 5075 The Theory of Radical Underspecification 5116 Problems for Radical Underspecification 5167 Contrast-Restricted Underspecification 5218 Feature Dependencies 5229 Feature Geometry 52410 Class Nodes 52611 Relations between Vowels and Consonants 52912 Redundancies between Features 53113 Privative Features 534Key Questions 539Further Practice 53918 Rules and Derivations 5431 Rule Ordering: Feeding and Counterfeeding 5432 Bleeding and Counterbleeding 5493 Transitivity 5524 Palatalization 5565 Further Twists 5616 Vowel Length Alternations. Tensing 5657 Cyclic Rules 5708 Non-Cyclic Rules 576Key Questions 580Further Practice 58019 Constraints: Optimality Theory 5841 Naturalness of Phonological Inventory: Markedness 5852 Constraint Ranking: Faithfulness 5883 Structural Constraints: Syllables 5924 The Generator. Tableaux 5945 Basic English Syllables 5966 Syllable Complexities 6007 Basic Metrical Structure 6058 Extrametricality 6079 Quantity-Sensitivity 60910 Secondary Footing 61211 Correspondence Constraints 61312 Cyclic Effects 61713 Word Formation through Truncation 61914 OT Morphology: English Plurals 62015 English Possessives and Correspondence Theory 624Key Questions 627Further Practice 62820 Looking Back and Moving On 6301 Phonetics 6312 Foundations of Phonology 6343 Syllables 6374 Stress 6395 Tone 6416 The Interaction between Morphology and Phonology 6437 Phonological Domains 6468 Aspects of Lexical Representation 6489 Derivational Theory 65110 Optimality Theory 654Key Questions 660Further Practice 661References 665Glossary 683Index of Languages 705Index of Names 709Index of Subjects 712