John King Fairbank was Francis Lee Higginson Professor of History and Director of the East Asian Research Center at Harvard University.

A fascinating and highly important book… It is impossible within such a brief review even to summarize the wealth of material presented… Its authors have brilliantly sketched in the background for the writings they reproduce and have also worked into their text very illuminating biographical notes on the Chinese writers.

• Reigns of the Ch'ing (Manchu) Dynasty PART 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1. Introduction 2. Some Elements in the Chinese Intellectual Tradition Some Early Ch'ing "Nationalist" Thinkers The Early Jesuit Influence in China The Attitude of the Ch'ing Court toward the Westerners PART 2: RECOGNITION OF CHINA'S NEED TO KNOW THE WEST, 1839-1860 3. Commissioner Lin's Program for Meeting British Aggression Doc. 1. Lin Tse-hsu's Moral Advice to Queen Victoria, 1839 Doc. 2. A Letter of Lin Tse-hsu Recognizing Western Military Superiority, 1842 Doc. 3. Wei Yuan's Statement of a Policy for Maritime Defense, 1842 Doc. 4. Cantonese Denunciation of the British, 1841 4. The Policy of Conciliation Doc. 5. Ch'i-ying's Method for Handling the Barbarians, 1844 Doc. 6. Hsu Chi-yu's Acceptance of Western Geography, 1848 5. The Emergence of the Theory of Self-Strengthening Prince Kung and the Tsungli Yamen Doc. 7. The New Foreign Policy of January 1861 Feng Kuei-fen and his Essays Doc. 8. On the Adoption of Western Knowledge Doc. 9. On the Manufacture of Foreign Weapons Doc. 10. On the Better Control of the Barbarians The Taiping Rebels' Interest in Modernization Doc. 11. Hung Jen-kan's Proposals, 1859 PART 3: THE DESIRE FOR WESTERN TECHNOLOGY, 1861-1870 6. Tseng Kuo-fan's Attitude toward Westerners and their Machinery Doc. 12. Excerpts from Tseng's Letters, 1862 Doc. 13. Founding the Shanghai Arsenal Doc. 14. Tseng's Views on Treaty Revision, 1867 7. Li Hung-chang and the Use of Western Arms Doc. 15.Li's Letter to Tseng Kuo-fan on the Ever-Victorious Army, February 1863 Doc. 16.Li's Recommendation of Western Military Methods, June 1863 ,br> Doc. 17.The Tsungli Yamen Memorial of June 1863 on China's Defensive Strategy 8. Institutions for Linguistic and Scientific Studies (The T'ung-wen Kuan) Doc. 18. Li i-Hung-chang's Support of Western Studies, 1863 Doc. 19. Wo-jen's Objection to Western Learning, 1867 Doc. 20. The Tsungli Yamen's Rebuttal, 1867 9. Tso Tsung-t'ang and the Faochow Shipyard Doc. 21. Tso's Plans of 1866 PART 4: EFFORTS AT SELF-STRENGTHENING, 1871-1896 10. The Problem of Leadership: Personalities and Institutions Li Hung-chang and his Subordinates The Empress Dowager's Influence ,br> Doc. 22. Wen-hsiang's Warning of Disaster, 1874 11. Training Students Abroad The Educational Mission to the United States Doc. 23. The Proposal of Tseng and Li in 1871 Doc. 24.Letters of Li Hung-chang concerning the End of the Mission, 1880-1881 Students in Europe Doc. 25. Ma Chien-chung's Report on his Studies in France, 1877 12. Diplomatic Missions Abroad Doc. 26. Prince Kong's Discovery of International Law, 1864 Doc. 27. A Letter of Kuo Sung-tao from London, 1877 Doc. 28.Tseng Chi-tse's Account of his Audience with the Empress Dowager, 1878 13. Problems of the Industrialization Effort Doe. 29. Li Hung-chang's Defense of Building Steamships, 1872 The Principle of "Government-supervision and Merchant-operation" Doc. 30. The Criticisms of Cheng Kuan-ying, c. 1892 The Debate over Railroads Doc. 31.Shen Pao-chen's Purchase of the Shanghai-Wusung Railway, 1876 Doc. 32. Hsueh Fu-ch'eng's Support of Railroad Building, 1878 14. The Attempt at a Positive Foreign Policy Doc. 33. Kuo Sung-tao on the Futility of a War Policy, 1884 Building a Modern Navy Doc. 34. Chang P'ei-lun's Proposal of 1884 The Failure at Self-Strengthening Doc. 35. Li Hung-chang's Conversation with ItO Hirobumi, 1895 The Alliance with Russia Doc. 36. Liu K'un-i's Secret Proposal, July 1895 Doc. 37. Chang Chih-tung's Memorial of August 1895 Doc. 38. Text of the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty of 1896 PART 5: THE REFORM MOVEMENT THROUGH 1900 15. Promoters of Institutional Change The Missionary Influence Early Chinese Advocates of Reform Doc. 39. Writings of Wang T'ao Doc. 40. Essays of Hsueh Fu-ch'eng 16. K'ang Yu-wei and Some of his Associates Doc. 41. K'ang Yu-wei's Statement for the "Society for the Study of Self-strengthening," 1895 Doc. 42. Liang Ch'i-ch'ao on Reform, 1896 Doc. 43. T'an Ssu-t'ung on the Need for Complete Westernization Doc. 44. Wang K'ang-nien on Democracy 17. The Reform Program of Chang Chih-tung Doc. 45. Selections from Chang's "Exhortation to Study," 1898 18. The Failure of 1898 The Court and the Emperor Doc. 46. K'ang Yu-wei's Conversation with the Emperor, June 1898 Doc. 47. ItO's Conversation with the Emperor, September 1898 The Conservative Opposition 19. The Boxer Uprising Doc. 48. Proclamations of the Boxers Doc. 49. Memorials of Anti-Boxer Martyrs, 1900 PART 6. REFORM AND REVOLUTION, 1901-1912 20. The Conservative Reform Movement The Post-Borer Program Doc. 50. The Joint Proposals of Liu K'un-i and Chang Chih-tung, 1901 Educational Reform Doc. 51. A Memorial of Chang Chih-tung and Yuan Shih-k'ai Urging Abolition of the Old Examinations, 1903 Constitutionalisin Doc. 52. A Report on Constitutional Governments Abroad, 1906 Yuan Shih-k'ai and the Modern Army 21. Economic Development Doc. 53.Sheng 1-Hsuan-huai's Argument for 1896 Doc. 54. Economic Views of Chang Chien 22. Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Nationalism Doc, 55. "The Renovation of the People" by Liang Ch'ich'ao, 1902 23. Sun Yat-sen's Early Revolutionary Program Doc. 56. The Manifesto of the T'ung-meng.hui, 1905 PART 7: IDEOLOGICAL FERMENT AND THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT, 1912-1923 24. The Search for New Principles The Variety of the New Thought Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei and Freedom in Education Doc. 57. Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei's Views on the Aims of Education, 1912 Doc. 58. Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei's Policy for Peking University, 1919 25. Early Converts to Marxism Doc. 59. Ch'en Tu-hsiu's "Call to Youth," 1915 Doc. 60.Li Ta-chao, "The Victory of Bolshevism," November 15, 1918 Doc. 61.Ch'en Tu-hsiu's Argument for Historical Materialism, 1923 26. Hu Shih and Pragmatism in China Doc. 62. Hu Shih, "The Significance of the New Thought," 1919 Doc. 63. Hu Shih, "On the Literary Revolution," 1922 27. Sun Yat-sen's Reorientation of the Revolution Doc. 64. Sun Yat-sen's Theory of Knowledge and Action, 1919 Doc. 65. Sun Yat-sen's Adoption of the Russian Party System, 1923 28. Liang Ch'i-ch'ao's Review of China's Progress, 1873-1922 Postface. A Further Approach to the Problem Index

John King Fairbank was Francis Lee Higginson Professor of History and Director of the East Asian Research Center at Harvard University.

A fascinating and highly important book… It is impossible within such a brief review even to summarize the wealth of material presented… Its authors have brilliantly sketched in the background for the writings they reproduce and have also worked into their text very illuminating biographical notes on the Chinese writers.

• Reigns of the Ch'ing (Manchu) Dynasty PART 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1. Introduction 2. Some Elements in the Chinese Intellectual Tradition Some Early Ch'ing "Nationalist" Thinkers The Early Jesuit Influence in China The Attitude of the Ch'ing Court toward the Westerners PART 2: RECOGNITION OF CHINA'S NEED TO KNOW THE WEST, 1839-1860 3. Commissioner Lin's Program for Meeting British Aggression Doc. 1. Lin Tse-hsu's Moral Advice to Queen Victoria, 1839 Doc. 2. A Letter of Lin Tse-hsu Recognizing Western Military Superiority, 1842 Doc. 3. Wei Yuan's Statement of a Policy for Maritime Defense, 1842 Doc. 4. Cantonese Denunciation of the British, 1841 4. The Policy of Conciliation Doc. 5. Ch'i-ying's Method for Handling the Barbarians, 1844 Doc. 6. Hsu Chi-yu's Acceptance of Western Geography, 1848 5. The Emergence of the Theory of Self-Strengthening Prince Kung and the Tsungli Yamen Doc. 7. The New Foreign Policy of January 1861 Feng Kuei-fen and his Essays Doc. 8. On the Adoption of Western Knowledge Doc. 9. On the Manufacture of Foreign Weapons Doc. 10. On the Better Control of the Barbarians The Taiping Rebels' Interest in Modernization Doc. 11. Hung Jen-kan's Proposals, 1859 PART 3: THE DESIRE FOR WESTERN TECHNOLOGY, 1861-1870 6. Tseng Kuo-fan's Attitude toward Westerners and their Machinery Doc. 12. Excerpts from Tseng's Letters, 1862 Doc. 13. Founding the Shanghai Arsenal Doc. 14. Tseng's Views on Treaty Revision, 1867 7. Li Hung-chang and the Use of Western Arms Doc. 15.Li's Letter to Tseng Kuo-fan on the Ever-Victorious Army, February 1863 Doc. 16.Li's Recommendation of Western Military Methods, June 1863 ,br> Doc. 17.The Tsungli Yamen Memorial of June 1863 on China's Defensive Strategy 8. Institutions for Linguistic and Scientific Studies (The T'ung-wen Kuan) Doc. 18. Li i-Hung-chang's Support of Western Studies, 1863 Doc. 19. Wo-jen's Objection to Western Learning, 1867 Doc. 20. The Tsungli Yamen's Rebuttal, 1867 9. Tso Tsung-t'ang and the Faochow Shipyard Doc. 21. Tso's Plans of 1866 PART 4: EFFORTS AT SELF-STRENGTHENING, 1871-1896 10. The Problem of Leadership: Personalities and Institutions Li Hung-chang and his Subordinates The Empress Dowager's Influence ,br> Doc. 22. Wen-hsiang's Warning of Disaster, 1874 11. Training Students Abroad The Educational Mission to the United States Doc. 23. The Proposal of Tseng and Li in 1871 Doc. 24.Letters of Li Hung-chang concerning the End of the Mission, 1880-1881 Students in Europe Doc. 25. Ma Chien-chung's Report on his Studies in France, 1877 12. Diplomatic Missions Abroad Doc. 26. Prince Kong's Discovery of International Law, 1864 Doc. 27. A Letter of Kuo Sung-tao from London, 1877 Doc. 28.Tseng Chi-tse's Account of his Audience with the Empress Dowager, 1878 13. Problems of the Industrialization Effort Doe. 29. Li Hung-chang's Defense of Building Steamships, 1872 The Principle of "Government-supervision and Merchant-operation" Doc. 30. The Criticisms of Cheng Kuan-ying, c. 1892 The Debate over Railroads Doc. 31.Shen Pao-chen's Purchase of the Shanghai-Wusung Railway, 1876 Doc. 32. Hsueh Fu-ch'eng's Support of Railroad Building, 1878 14. The Attempt at a Positive Foreign Policy Doc. 33. Kuo Sung-tao on the Futility of a War Policy, 1884 Building a Modern Navy Doc. 34. Chang P'ei-lun's Proposal of 1884 The Failure at Self-Strengthening Doc. 35. Li Hung-chang's Conversation with ItO Hirobumi, 1895 The Alliance with Russia Doc. 36. Liu K'un-i's Secret Proposal, July 1895 Doc. 37. Chang Chih-tung's Memorial of August 1895 Doc. 38. Text of the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty of 1896 PART 5: THE REFORM MOVEMENT THROUGH 1900 15. Promoters of Institutional Change The Missionary Influence Early Chinese Advocates of Reform Doc. 39. Writings of Wang T'ao Doc. 40. Essays of Hsueh Fu-ch'eng 16. K'ang Yu-wei and Some of his Associates Doc. 41. K'ang Yu-wei's Statement for the "Society for the Study of Self-strengthening," 1895 Doc. 42. Liang Ch'i-ch'ao on Reform, 1896 Doc. 43. T'an Ssu-t'ung on the Need for Complete Westernization Doc. 44. Wang K'ang-nien on Democracy 17. The Reform Program of Chang Chih-tung Doc. 45. Selections from Chang's "Exhortation to Study," 1898 18. The Failure of 1898 The Court and the Emperor Doc. 46. K'ang Yu-wei's Conversation with the Emperor, June 1898 Doc. 47. ItO's Conversation with the Emperor, September 1898 The Conservative Opposition 19. The Boxer Uprising Doc. 48. Proclamations of the Boxers Doc. 49. Memorials of Anti-Boxer Martyrs, 1900 PART 6. REFORM AND REVOLUTION, 1901-1912 20. The Conservative Reform Movement The Post-Borer Program Doc. 50. The Joint Proposals of Liu K'un-i and Chang Chih-tung, 1901 Educational Reform Doc. 51. A Memorial of Chang Chih-tung and Yuan Shih-k'ai Urging Abolition of the Old Examinations, 1903 Constitutionalisin Doc. 52. A Report on Constitutional Governments Abroad, 1906 Yuan Shih-k'ai and the Modern Army 21. Economic Development Doc. 53.Sheng 1-Hsuan-huai's Argument for 1896 Doc. 54. Economic Views of Chang Chien 22. Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Nationalism Doc, 55. "The Renovation of the People" by Liang Ch'ich'ao, 1902 23. Sun Yat-sen's Early Revolutionary Program Doc. 56. The Manifesto of the T'ung-meng.hui, 1905 PART 7: IDEOLOGICAL FERMENT AND THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT, 1912-1923 24. The Search for New Principles The Variety of the New Thought Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei and Freedom in Education Doc. 57. Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei's Views on the Aims of Education, 1912 Doc. 58. Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei's Policy for Peking University, 1919 25. Early Converts to Marxism Doc. 59. Ch'en Tu-hsiu's "Call to Youth," 1915 Doc. 60.Li Ta-chao, "The Victory of Bolshevism," November 15, 1918 Doc. 61.Ch'en Tu-hsiu's Argument for Historical Materialism, 1923 26. Hu Shih and Pragmatism in China Doc. 62. Hu Shih, "The Significance of the New Thought," 1919 Doc. 63. Hu Shih, "On the Literary Revolution," 1922 27. Sun Yat-sen's Reorientation of the Revolution Doc. 64. Sun Yat-sen's Theory of Knowledge and Action, 1919 Doc. 65. Sun Yat-sen's Adoption of the Russian Party System, 1923 28. Liang Ch'i-ch'ao's Review of China's Progress, 1873-1922 Postface. A Further Approach to the Problem Index

John King Fairbank was Francis Lee Higginson Professor of History and Director of the East Asian Research Center at Harvard University.

A fascinating and highly important book… It is impossible within such a brief review even to summarize the wealth of material presented… Its authors have brilliantly sketched in the background for the writings they reproduce and have also worked into their text very illuminating biographical notes on the Chinese writers.

• Reigns of the Ch'ing (Manchu) Dynasty PART 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1. Introduction 2. Some Elements in the Chinese Intellectual Tradition Some Early Ch'ing "Nationalist" Thinkers The Early Jesuit Influence in China The Attitude of the Ch'ing Court toward the Westerners PART 2: RECOGNITION OF CHINA'S NEED TO KNOW THE WEST, 1839-1860 3. Commissioner Lin's Program for Meeting British Aggression Doc. 1. Lin Tse-hsu's Moral Advice to Queen Victoria, 1839 Doc. 2. A Letter of Lin Tse-hsu Recognizing Western Military Superiority, 1842 Doc. 3. Wei Yuan's Statement of a Policy for Maritime Defense, 1842 Doc. 4. Cantonese Denunciation of the British, 1841 4. The Policy of Conciliation Doc. 5. Ch'i-ying's Method for Handling the Barbarians, 1844 Doc. 6. Hsu Chi-yu's Acceptance of Western Geography, 1848 5. The Emergence of the Theory of Self-Strengthening Prince Kung and the Tsungli Yamen Doc. 7. The New Foreign Policy of January 1861 Feng Kuei-fen and his Essays Doc. 8. On the Adoption of Western Knowledge Doc. 9. On the Manufacture of Foreign Weapons Doc. 10. On the Better Control of the Barbarians The Taiping Rebels' Interest in Modernization Doc. 11. Hung Jen-kan's Proposals, 1859 PART 3: THE DESIRE FOR WESTERN TECHNOLOGY, 1861-1870 6. Tseng Kuo-fan's Attitude toward Westerners and their Machinery Doc. 12. Excerpts from Tseng's Letters, 1862 Doc. 13. Founding the Shanghai Arsenal Doc. 14. Tseng's Views on Treaty Revision, 1867 7. Li Hung-chang and the Use of Western Arms Doc. 15.Li's Letter to Tseng Kuo-fan on the Ever-Victorious Army, February 1863 Doc. 16.Li's Recommendation of Western Military Methods, June 1863 ,br> Doc. 17.The Tsungli Yamen Memorial of June 1863 on China's Defensive Strategy 8. Institutions for Linguistic and Scientific Studies (The T'ung-wen Kuan) Doc. 18. Li i-Hung-chang's Support of Western Studies, 1863 Doc. 19. Wo-jen's Objection to Western Learning, 1867 Doc. 20. The Tsungli Yamen's Rebuttal, 1867 9. Tso Tsung-t'ang and the Faochow Shipyard Doc. 21. Tso's Plans of 1866 PART 4: EFFORTS AT SELF-STRENGTHENING, 1871-1896 10. The Problem of Leadership: Personalities and Institutions Li Hung-chang and his Subordinates The Empress Dowager's Influence ,br> Doc. 22. Wen-hsiang's Warning of Disaster, 1874 11. Training Students Abroad The Educational Mission to the United States Doc. 23. The Proposal of Tseng and Li in 1871 Doc. 24.Letters of Li Hung-chang concerning the End of the Mission, 1880-1881 Students in Europe Doc. 25. Ma Chien-chung's Report on his Studies in France, 1877 12. Diplomatic Missions Abroad Doc. 26. Prince Kong's Discovery of International Law, 1864 Doc. 27. A Letter of Kuo Sung-tao from London, 1877 Doc. 28.Tseng Chi-tse's Account of his Audience with the Empress Dowager, 1878 13. Problems of the Industrialization Effort Doe. 29. Li Hung-chang's Defense of Building Steamships, 1872 The Principle of "Government-supervision and Merchant-operation" Doc. 30. The Criticisms of Cheng Kuan-ying, c. 1892 The Debate over Railroads Doc. 31.Shen Pao-chen's Purchase of the Shanghai-Wusung Railway, 1876 Doc. 32. Hsueh Fu-ch'eng's Support of Railroad Building, 1878 14. The Attempt at a Positive Foreign Policy Doc. 33. Kuo Sung-tao on the Futility of a War Policy, 1884 Building a Modern Navy Doc. 34. Chang P'ei-lun's Proposal of 1884 The Failure at Self-Strengthening Doc. 35. Li Hung-chang's Conversation with ItO Hirobumi, 1895 The Alliance with Russia Doc. 36. Liu K'un-i's Secret Proposal, July 1895 Doc. 37. Chang Chih-tung's Memorial of August 1895 Doc. 38. Text of the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty of 1896 PART 5: THE REFORM MOVEMENT THROUGH 1900 15. Promoters of Institutional Change The Missionary Influence Early Chinese Advocates of Reform Doc. 39. Writings of Wang T'ao Doc. 40. Essays of Hsueh Fu-ch'eng 16. K'ang Yu-wei and Some of his Associates Doc. 41. K'ang Yu-wei's Statement for the "Society for the Study of Self-strengthening," 1895 Doc. 42. Liang Ch'i-ch'ao on Reform, 1896 Doc. 43. T'an Ssu-t'ung on the Need for Complete Westernization Doc. 44. Wang K'ang-nien on Democracy 17. The Reform Program of Chang Chih-tung Doc. 45. Selections from Chang's "Exhortation to Study," 1898 18. The Failure of 1898 The Court and the Emperor Doc. 46. K'ang Yu-wei's Conversation with the Emperor, June 1898 Doc. 47. ItO's Conversation with the Emperor, September 1898 The Conservative Opposition 19. The Boxer Uprising Doc. 48. Proclamations of the Boxers Doc. 49. Memorials of Anti-Boxer Martyrs, 1900 PART 6. REFORM AND REVOLUTION, 1901-1912 20. The Conservative Reform Movement The Post-Borer Program Doc. 50. The Joint Proposals of Liu K'un-i and Chang Chih-tung, 1901 Educational Reform Doc. 51. A Memorial of Chang Chih-tung and Yuan Shih-k'ai Urging Abolition of the Old Examinations, 1903 Constitutionalisin Doc. 52. A Report on Constitutional Governments Abroad, 1906 Yuan Shih-k'ai and the Modern Army 21. Economic Development Doc. 53.Sheng 1-Hsuan-huai's Argument for 1896 Doc. 54. Economic Views of Chang Chien 22. Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Nationalism Doc, 55. "The Renovation of the People" by Liang Ch'ich'ao, 1902 23. Sun Yat-sen's Early Revolutionary Program Doc. 56. The Manifesto of the T'ung-meng.hui, 1905 PART 7: IDEOLOGICAL FERMENT AND THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT, 1912-1923 24. The Search for New Principles The Variety of the New Thought Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei and Freedom in Education Doc. 57. Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei's Views on the Aims of Education, 1912 Doc. 58. Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei's Policy for Peking University, 1919 25. Early Converts to Marxism Doc. 59. Ch'en Tu-hsiu's "Call to Youth," 1915 Doc. 60.Li Ta-chao, "The Victory of Bolshevism," November 15, 1918 Doc. 61.Ch'en Tu-hsiu's Argument for Historical Materialism, 1923 26. Hu Shih and Pragmatism in China Doc. 62. Hu Shih, "The Significance of the New Thought," 1919 Doc. 63. Hu Shih, "On the Literary Revolution," 1922 27. Sun Yat-sen's Reorientation of the Revolution Doc. 64. Sun Yat-sen's Theory of Knowledge and Action, 1919 Doc. 65. Sun Yat-sen's Adoption of the Russian Party System, 1923 28. Liang Ch'i-ch'ao's Review of China's Progress, 1873-1922 Postface. A Further Approach to the Problem Index