Audel Electrical Course for Apprentices and Journeymen

Paul Rosenberg is a master electrician with extensive experience in all aspects of the industry. An instructor at Iowa State University, he has written for all the major electrical industry publications. He is also the author of Audel Questions and Answers for Electrician's Examinations, 14th Edition.

• Introduction xiiiChapter 1 Electricity and Matter 1Elements, Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds 1Electron Theory 3Electric Current 9Insulators and Conductors 11Questions 12Chapter 2 Units and Definitions 13Fundamental and Derived Units 13Definitions 15Magnetic Units 17Temperature Units 18Questions 18Chapter 3 Electrical Symbols 21Graphic Electrical Wiring Symbols 210.1 Drafting Practices Applicable to Graphic Electrical Wiring Symbols 210.2 Explanation Supplementing the Schedule of Symbols 23List of Symbols 271.0 Lighting Outlets 272.0 Receptacle Outlets 283.0 Switch Outlets 314.0 Signaling System Outlets: Institutional, Commercial, and Industrial Occupancies 315.0 Signaling System Outlets: Residential Occupancies 366.0 Panelboards, Switchboards, and Related Equipment 377.0 Bus Ducts and Wireways 388.0 Remote Control Stations for Motors or Other Equipment* 399.0 Circuiting 3910.0 Electric Distribution or Lighting System, Underground 4011.0 Electric Distribution or Lighting System Aerial 41Arrester, Lightning Arrester (Electric Surge, etc.) Gap 42Battery 43Circuit Breakers 43Circuit Return 45Coil, Magnetic Blowout* 45Contact, Electrical 46Contactor 48Machine, Rotating 49Meter Instrument 53Path, Transmission, Conductor, Cable Wiring 55Polarity Symbol 56Switch 57Transformer 58Chapter 4 Magnets and Magnetic Fields 63Magnetic Poles 63Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Substances 64The Earth as Magnet 64Magnetic Lines of Force 65Molecular Theory of Magnetism 66Strength of a Magnet 68Lifting Power of a Magnet 68Questions 69Chapter 5 Ohm’s Law 71Statement of Ohm’s Law 71Analogy of Ohm’s Law 71Illustrations of Ohm’s Law 72Ohm’s Law and Power 74The Ohm’s Law Circle 74Formulas 75Ohm’s Law 75Power in Watts 75Questions 76Chapter 6 Capacitors 77Capacitance 83Capacitance in Series and Parallel 84Capacitance in Other Than Regular Capacitors 86Formulas 87Questions 87Chapter 7 Resistance 89Skin Effect 97Conductivity 97Voltage-Drop Calculation 99Measuring Conductors 100Questions 101Chapter 8 Resistance in Series and Parallel 103Resistances in Series 103Resistances in Parallel 104Series-Parallel Circuits 107Questions 109Chapter 9 Electrolysis 111Terminology 111Chemistry of Electrolysis 112Electroplating 114Corrosion 114Questions 116Chapter 10 Primary and Secondary Cells 117The Voltaic Cell 117Primary Cells 119Secondary Cells 122Questions 127Chapter 11 Electromagnetism 129Galvanoscope 134Solenoids 135Questions 136Chapter 12 Laws Governing Magnetic Circuits 139Strength of a Magnetic Pole 141Intensity of Magnetizing Force 142Magnetic Reluctance 142Formulas 149Questions 149Chapter 13 Work, Power, Energy, Torque, and Efficiency 151Torque 155Prony Brake 156Formulas 158Questions 158Chapter 14 Instruments and Measurements 161Voltmeters and Ammeters 163Edison Pendulum Ammeter 163Battery Gauge 164Indicating Wattmeter 165Ohmmeters 168Thermostats 169Thermocouples 169Questions 170Chapter 15 Insulation Testing 171Test Voltages vs. Equipment Ratings 172Cables and Conductors 174Conductors in Parallel 181Effect of Temperature on Insulation Resistance* 185Questions 185Chapter 16 Electromagnetic Induction 187Basic Principles 187Lenz's Law 188Fleming's Rule 192Mutual Induction 192Eddy Currents 194Questions 195Chapter 17 Alternating Currents 197Advantages of AC 197Generation of AC 197AC Sine Wave 201Paralleling Alternators 203Formulas 204Questions 204Chapter 18 DC Generators 207Generators vs. Alternators 207Generation of EMF 207Armatures 208Brushes 211Types of Generators 212Generator Voltage Control 214Questions 214Chapter 19 DC Motors 215Armature Movement 215DC Motors vs. DC Generators 215Regulation of DC Motors 216Starting the DC Motor 220Reversing Motor Direction 220Questions 221Chapter 20 Inductance and Reactance 223Inductance 223Inductive Reactance 223Impedance 224Effects of Circuit Inductance 225Phase Angle 226True Power and Power Factor 229Worked Examples 230Formulas 232Questions 233Chapter 21 Capacitance in AC Circuits 235Analogy of Capacitor Action 235Capacitor Action 236Capacitance 236Current and Voltage Relations 237Capacitive Reactance 238Inductive and Capacitive Circuits 238Formulas 241Questions 241Chapter 22 Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance in Series and Parallel 243RC Circuit 243RLC Circuit 244Parallel LC Circuit 248Resonance 249System Power Factor 251Formulas 253Questions 253Chapter 23 Polyphase Circuits 255Multiphase Systems 255Two-Phase Systems 255Three-Phase Systems 257Questions 261Chapter 24 Power in Polyphase Circuits 263Three-Phase Wye Connection 264Three-Phase Delta Connection 266Economy and Phases 268Neutral Current in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems 269Formulas 273Questions 274Chapter 25 Transformer Principles 277Induction Coil 277Transformer Types 279Principles of Operation 280Windings and Voltages 281Formulas 284Questions 284Chapter 26 Transformer Facts 285Transformer Impedance 287Transformers in Parallel 289Transformer Insulation 289Types of Transformers 290Effects of Altitudes 290Ambient Temperature 290Transformer Polarity 291Termination Marking 292Formulas 293Questions 294Chapter 27 Transforming Polyphase Power 295Single-Phase for Three-Phase 295Three-Phase Transformers 297Two-Phase to Three-Phase Conversion 299Delta- and Wye-Connection Voltages and Currents 301Questions 302Chapter 28 Autotransformers 303Autotransformers and Conventional Transformers 303Induction Voltage Regulator 304Transformer Booster 305Questions 306Chapter 29 Instrument Transformers 307Use of Instrument Transformers 307Types of Instrument Transformers 307Potential Transformers 308Current Transformers 309Ratings 309Opening the Secondary Circuit 309Symbols 310Ground Fault Protection 310Questions 312Chapter 30 Polyphase Induction Motors 313Rotating Magnetic Field 313Squirrel Cage Rotor Winding 316Wound Rotors 320Dual Voltages 320Induction Motors on Start 324Altitude Correction 326Power Factor 326Questions 328Chapter 31 Power-Factor Correction 329Reactive Kilovolt-Amperes 329Use of Correction Table 329Correction with Capacitors 331Use of Chart 331Use of Mathematics 332Overloads 335Reasons for Corrections 335Questions 336Chapter 32 Synchronous Motors 337Characteristics 337Operation 337Power Factor 339Regulation 340Questions 342Chapter 33 Single-Phase Motors 343Phase Splitting 343Shading-Coil Motors 344Universal Motors 345Hysteresis Motors 345Split-Phase Induction Motor 345Capacitor-Start Motors 347Capacitor-Start, Capacitor-Run Motor 347Repulsion Motors 348Repulsion-Induction Motors 350Questions 351Chapter 34 Grounding and Ground Testing 353Grounding Requirements 353Conduction in Soil 354Grounding Electrode 356Fall-of-Potential Method 356System Grounding 362Questions 366Chapter 35 Rectifiers 367Mercury-Arc Rectifier 367Dry-Contact Rectifiers 368Solid-State Rectifiers 370Rectifier Connections 371Questions 373Chapter 36 Number of Bends in Conduit 375Chapter 37 Torque Test for Bolts and Screws 381Appendix 383Index 391