Khalid Yahya Blankinship is Assistant Professor of Religion at Temple University. He is the translator of Volumes 11 and 25 of the History of al-Tabari, also published by SUNY Press.

"The work argues a plausible theory singlemindedly but quite convincingly with full control of all of the sources, which are treated intelligently and with the proper critical circumspection. It thereby contributes greatly to the understanding of important developments in early Muslim history." — Franz Rosenthal, Sterling Professor Emeritus, Yale University"This is the first major book in English on the reign of any Umayyad caliph. The fall of the Umayyads and the rise of the Abbasids has been a central topic of Islamic history for three generations, but until now no one has put it all together and drawn specific conclusions for the caliphate as a whole, and no one has seen the military defeats of Hisham's reign as avoidable disasters that presaged the dynasty's fall. These are fresh insights and serve to refocus attention in a valuable way. Hisham had been thought a quite competent caliph. After reading Blankinship, people will have to reconsider. When they do, they will also have to reconsider the place of jihad in the whole Umayyad period." — Richard W. Bulliet, Columbia University

• Acknowledgments Explanations, Symbols, and Abbreviations Introduction The Importance of the Umayyad Caliphate and Its Collapse The Problem of the Reign of Hisham 1. Jihad and the Caliphate before Hisham The Doctrine of Jihad An Outline of the History of the Jihad State 2-132/623-750 The Madinan State and the First Expansion 2-35/623-56 The First Civil War and the First Hiatus 35-40/656-61 The Sufyanid Umayyad State and the Second Expansion 40-63/661-83 The Second Hiatus and the Second Civil War 63-76/683-92 The Marwanid Umayyad State and the Third Expansion 73-99/692-718 Third Hiatus and 'Umar II 99-101/718-20 The Marwanid Umayyad State and the Fourth Expansion 101-22/720-40 2. Administrative Geography and Tribal Identity under Hisham The Administrative Geography of the Caliphate in 105/724 Tribal Identity in the Administration and the Army3. The Individual Provinces of the Caliphate Syria, the Metropolitan Province The Jaziran Superprovince The Iraqi Superprovince: The 'Viceroyalty of the East' The North African or Western Superprovince The Southern Zone: The West Arabian Backwater 4. Administrative Policies and Ideology at the Beginning of Hisham's Reign The Caliph Hisham and the Caliphal Office The Central Administration of the Caliphate under Hisham Caliphal Fiscal Policy at the Start of Hisham's Reign Ideological Centralization 5. The Challenges of Internal and Foreign Opposition to Hisham's Caliphate The Internal Opposition under Hisham The External Strategic Situation in 105/724 The Byzantine Empire The Caucasian Principalities The Khazar Khanate The Turgesh Khanate and Transoxiana Sijistan India The Franks The Berbers Other Parts of Africa: Nubia and Abyssinia 6. The Beginning of the Military Crisis 105-11/724-29 The Building Crisis The Byzantine Front 105-11/724-29 The Caucasus 105-11/724-29 Transoxiana 105-11/724-29 Sijistan 105-08/724-27 India 104-08/723-27 Egypt 105-11/724-29 North Africa and the West Mediterranean 105-11/724-29 Spain and the Franks 105-11/724-29 7. The Climax of the Military Crisis A Sudden Turn for the Worse Sijistan 108-14/726-32 India 108-13/726-31 The Caucasus 112-14/730-32 Transoxiana and Khurasan 111-15/730-33 The Byzantine Front 112-14/730-32 The Frankish Front 112-14/730-32 Egypt and North Africa 112-14/730-32 8. The Continuation of the Policy of Expansion 115-22/733-40 Lull and Resumption The Byzantine Front 115-22/733-40 The Caucasus Front 115-23/733-41 Transoxiana and Khurasan 115-23/733-41 Sijistan 115-25/733-43 India 113-22/731—40 Khariji and Shi'i Revolts in Iraq and the East Egypt 115-22/733-40 North Africa 115-22/733-40 Spain and France 114-22/732-40 9. The Collapse of the Expansion Policy 122-25/740-43 The Berber Revolt and the End of Expansion The Byzantine Front 123-25/741-43 The East, Including Sind 122-25/740-43 The Great Berber Revolt 122-25/740-43 Causes of the Revolt The Beginning of the Revolt 122-23/740-41 'Abd al-Malik b. Qatan al-Fihri's Coup in Spain 123/741 The Brief Governorship of Kulthum b. 'Iyad. 123-24/741 The North African Governorship of Hanzala b. Safwan al-Kalbi 124-27/742-45 The Caliphal Twilight in Spain 124-25/742-43 Conclusion Final Results of the Destruction and Scattering of the Syrian Army The Yamani-Sponsored Reform Program: Rationale and Result General Conclusions Maps Appendix A: Sources for the Reign of Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik Historical-Critical Considerations Some Aspects of Methodology The Nature of the Sources The Limitations of the Material Evidence The Muslim Literary Sources and Their Geographical Limitations Christian Literary Sources Social and Structural Limitations in the Muslim Literary Sources Modern Scholarship Appendix B: On the Population of the Umayyad Caliphate Glossary of Arabic Technical Terms Notes Bibliography Index Map Index

Khalid Yahya Blankinship is Assistant Professor of Religion at Temple University. He is the translator of Volumes 11 and 25 of the History of al-Tabari, also published by SUNY Press.

"The work argues a plausible theory singlemindedly but quite convincingly with full control of all of the sources, which are treated intelligently and with the proper critical circumspection. It thereby contributes greatly to the understanding of important developments in early Muslim history." — Franz Rosenthal, Sterling Professor Emeritus, Yale University"This is the first major book in English on the reign of any Umayyad caliph. The fall of the Umayyads and the rise of the Abbasids has been a central topic of Islamic history for three generations, but until now no one has put it all together and drawn specific conclusions for the caliphate as a whole, and no one has seen the military defeats of Hisham's reign as avoidable disasters that presaged the dynasty's fall. These are fresh insights and serve to refocus attention in a valuable way. Hisham had been thought a quite competent caliph. After reading Blankinship, people will have to reconsider. When they do, they will also have to reconsider the place of jihad in the whole Umayyad period." — Richard W. Bulliet, Columbia University

• Acknowledgments Explanations, Symbols, and Abbreviations Introduction The Importance of the Umayyad Caliphate and Its Collapse The Problem of the Reign of Hisham 1. Jihad and the Caliphate before Hisham The Doctrine of Jihad An Outline of the History of the Jihad State 2-132/623-750 The Madinan State and the First Expansion 2-35/623-56 The First Civil War and the First Hiatus 35-40/656-61 The Sufyanid Umayyad State and the Second Expansion 40-63/661-83 The Second Hiatus and the Second Civil War 63-76/683-92 The Marwanid Umayyad State and the Third Expansion 73-99/692-718 Third Hiatus and 'Umar II 99-101/718-20 The Marwanid Umayyad State and the Fourth Expansion 101-22/720-40 2. Administrative Geography and Tribal Identity under Hisham The Administrative Geography of the Caliphate in 105/724 Tribal Identity in the Administration and the Army3. The Individual Provinces of the Caliphate Syria, the Metropolitan Province The Jaziran Superprovince The Iraqi Superprovince: The 'Viceroyalty of the East' The North African or Western Superprovince The Southern Zone: The West Arabian Backwater 4. Administrative Policies and Ideology at the Beginning of Hisham's Reign The Caliph Hisham and the Caliphal Office The Central Administration of the Caliphate under Hisham Caliphal Fiscal Policy at the Start of Hisham's Reign Ideological Centralization 5. The Challenges of Internal and Foreign Opposition to Hisham's Caliphate The Internal Opposition under Hisham The External Strategic Situation in 105/724 The Byzantine Empire The Caucasian Principalities The Khazar Khanate The Turgesh Khanate and Transoxiana Sijistan India The Franks The Berbers Other Parts of Africa: Nubia and Abyssinia 6. The Beginning of the Military Crisis 105-11/724-29 The Building Crisis The Byzantine Front 105-11/724-29 The Caucasus 105-11/724-29 Transoxiana 105-11/724-29 Sijistan 105-08/724-27 India 104-08/723-27 Egypt 105-11/724-29 North Africa and the West Mediterranean 105-11/724-29 Spain and the Franks 105-11/724-29 7. The Climax of the Military Crisis A Sudden Turn for the Worse Sijistan 108-14/726-32 India 108-13/726-31 The Caucasus 112-14/730-32 Transoxiana and Khurasan 111-15/730-33 The Byzantine Front 112-14/730-32 The Frankish Front 112-14/730-32 Egypt and North Africa 112-14/730-32 8. The Continuation of the Policy of Expansion 115-22/733-40 Lull and Resumption The Byzantine Front 115-22/733-40 The Caucasus Front 115-23/733-41 Transoxiana and Khurasan 115-23/733-41 Sijistan 115-25/733-43 India 113-22/731—40 Khariji and Shi'i Revolts in Iraq and the East Egypt 115-22/733-40 North Africa 115-22/733-40 Spain and France 114-22/732-40 9. The Collapse of the Expansion Policy 122-25/740-43 The Berber Revolt and the End of Expansion The Byzantine Front 123-25/741-43 The East, Including Sind 122-25/740-43 The Great Berber Revolt 122-25/740-43 Causes of the Revolt The Beginning of the Revolt 122-23/740-41 'Abd al-Malik b. Qatan al-Fihri's Coup in Spain 123/741 The Brief Governorship of Kulthum b. 'Iyad. 123-24/741 The North African Governorship of Hanzala b. Safwan al-Kalbi 124-27/742-45 The Caliphal Twilight in Spain 124-25/742-43 Conclusion Final Results of the Destruction and Scattering of the Syrian Army The Yamani-Sponsored Reform Program: Rationale and Result General Conclusions Maps Appendix A: Sources for the Reign of Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik Historical-Critical Considerations Some Aspects of Methodology The Nature of the Sources The Limitations of the Material Evidence The Muslim Literary Sources and Their Geographical Limitations Christian Literary Sources Social and Structural Limitations in the Muslim Literary Sources Modern Scholarship Appendix B: On the Population of the Umayyad Caliphate Glossary of Arabic Technical Terms Notes Bibliography Index Map Index

Khalid Yahya Blankinship is Assistant Professor of Religion at Temple University. He is the translator of Volumes 11 and 25 of the History of al-Tabari, also published by SUNY Press.

"The work argues a plausible theory singlemindedly but quite convincingly with full control of all of the sources, which are treated intelligently and with the proper critical circumspection. It thereby contributes greatly to the understanding of important developments in early Muslim history." — Franz Rosenthal, Sterling Professor Emeritus, Yale University"This is the first major book in English on the reign of any Umayyad caliph. The fall of the Umayyads and the rise of the Abbasids has been a central topic of Islamic history for three generations, but until now no one has put it all together and drawn specific conclusions for the caliphate as a whole, and no one has seen the military defeats of Hisham's reign as avoidable disasters that presaged the dynasty's fall. These are fresh insights and serve to refocus attention in a valuable way. Hisham had been thought a quite competent caliph. After reading Blankinship, people will have to reconsider. When they do, they will also have to reconsider the place of jihad in the whole Umayyad period." — Richard W. Bulliet, Columbia University

• Acknowledgments Explanations, Symbols, and Abbreviations Introduction The Importance of the Umayyad Caliphate and Its Collapse The Problem of the Reign of Hisham 1. Jihad and the Caliphate before Hisham The Doctrine of Jihad An Outline of the History of the Jihad State 2-132/623-750 The Madinan State and the First Expansion 2-35/623-56 The First Civil War and the First Hiatus 35-40/656-61 The Sufyanid Umayyad State and the Second Expansion 40-63/661-83 The Second Hiatus and the Second Civil War 63-76/683-92 The Marwanid Umayyad State and the Third Expansion 73-99/692-718 Third Hiatus and 'Umar II 99-101/718-20 The Marwanid Umayyad State and the Fourth Expansion 101-22/720-40 2. Administrative Geography and Tribal Identity under Hisham The Administrative Geography of the Caliphate in 105/724 Tribal Identity in the Administration and the Army3. The Individual Provinces of the Caliphate Syria, the Metropolitan Province The Jaziran Superprovince The Iraqi Superprovince: The 'Viceroyalty of the East' The North African or Western Superprovince The Southern Zone: The West Arabian Backwater 4. Administrative Policies and Ideology at the Beginning of Hisham's Reign The Caliph Hisham and the Caliphal Office The Central Administration of the Caliphate under Hisham Caliphal Fiscal Policy at the Start of Hisham's Reign Ideological Centralization 5. The Challenges of Internal and Foreign Opposition to Hisham's Caliphate The Internal Opposition under Hisham The External Strategic Situation in 105/724 The Byzantine Empire The Caucasian Principalities The Khazar Khanate The Turgesh Khanate and Transoxiana Sijistan India The Franks The Berbers Other Parts of Africa: Nubia and Abyssinia 6. The Beginning of the Military Crisis 105-11/724-29 The Building Crisis The Byzantine Front 105-11/724-29 The Caucasus 105-11/724-29 Transoxiana 105-11/724-29 Sijistan 105-08/724-27 India 104-08/723-27 Egypt 105-11/724-29 North Africa and the West Mediterranean 105-11/724-29 Spain and the Franks 105-11/724-29 7. The Climax of the Military Crisis A Sudden Turn for the Worse Sijistan 108-14/726-32 India 108-13/726-31 The Caucasus 112-14/730-32 Transoxiana and Khurasan 111-15/730-33 The Byzantine Front 112-14/730-32 The Frankish Front 112-14/730-32 Egypt and North Africa 112-14/730-32 8. The Continuation of the Policy of Expansion 115-22/733-40 Lull and Resumption The Byzantine Front 115-22/733-40 The Caucasus Front 115-23/733-41 Transoxiana and Khurasan 115-23/733-41 Sijistan 115-25/733-43 India 113-22/731—40 Khariji and Shi'i Revolts in Iraq and the East Egypt 115-22/733-40 North Africa 115-22/733-40 Spain and France 114-22/732-40 9. The Collapse of the Expansion Policy 122-25/740-43 The Berber Revolt and the End of Expansion The Byzantine Front 123-25/741-43 The East, Including Sind 122-25/740-43 The Great Berber Revolt 122-25/740-43 Causes of the Revolt The Beginning of the Revolt 122-23/740-41 'Abd al-Malik b. Qatan al-Fihri's Coup in Spain 123/741 The Brief Governorship of Kulthum b. 'Iyad. 123-24/741 The North African Governorship of Hanzala b. Safwan al-Kalbi 124-27/742-45 The Caliphal Twilight in Spain 124-25/742-43 Conclusion Final Results of the Destruction and Scattering of the Syrian Army The Yamani-Sponsored Reform Program: Rationale and Result General Conclusions Maps Appendix A: Sources for the Reign of Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik Historical-Critical Considerations Some Aspects of Methodology The Nature of the Sources The Limitations of the Material Evidence The Muslim Literary Sources and Their Geographical Limitations Christian Literary Sources Social and Structural Limitations in the Muslim Literary Sources Modern Scholarship Appendix B: On the Population of the Umayyad Caliphate Glossary of Arabic Technical Terms Notes Bibliography Index Map Index