Improving Import Food Safety

The EditorsWayne Ellefson, Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.Lorna Zach, Center for Human Performance and Risk Analysis, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA and System Solutions for the Food Industry, Mt. Horeb, Wisconsin, USA.Darryl Sullivan, Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

• Contributors xiii Preface xviiAcknowledgment xixPart I Highlighting Key Issues 1Chapter 1 Emerging Global Food System Risks and Potential Solutions 3Shaun KennedyOverview 3Supply Chain Complexity 4Increasing Role of Imports 6Unusual Sources for Imports 7Other Emerging Food Safety Risks 10Economically Motivated Adulteration 11Other Emerging Intentional Threats 13Potential Solutions 15Conclusions 19References 19Chapter 2 A Cooperative Federal–State Approach for Monitoring Imported Foods: Reviewing the New York State Model 21Joe CorbyIntroduction 21State and Local Government Strengths 23The New York Model for a Cooperative Federal–State Approach for Monitoring the Safety of Imported Food 25Examples of Violative Imported Food Products Found in the Pilot Cooperative Project 35Discussion 41Conclusions 42References 42Chapter 3 The Impact of the Chinese Development Model on Food Safety 45Wenran JiangIntroduction 45China’s Explosive Economic Growth and its Impact 46China as a Growing Food Superpower 51China’s Food Safety Regimes 53China’s Food Safety Challenges 57Conclusions 61Notes 62References 63Chapter 4 The Role of Public–Private Partnerships on the Access of Smallholder Producers of Mexican Cantaloupe to Fresh Produce Export Markets 65Belem Avendano, Clare Narrod, and Marites TiongcoFoodborne Outbreaks and the Increasing Demand for Food Safety in Fruit and Vegetables 66Production Trends of the Cantaloupe Industry in Mexico 71Responses to Food Safety Problems Associated with Cantaloupe Outbreaks 74Major Barriers to Market Access for Small Mexican Producers in the Cantaloupe Supply Chain 76The Role of Private–Public Partnerships in Facilitating Smallholders to Overcome Barriers to Export Market Entry 78Summary and Conclusions 81Notes 82References 83Part II Legal and Regulatory Issues/Structures in the United States and Abroad 87Chapter 5 Improving US Regulation of Imported Foods 89Neal FortinIntroduction 89The Major Federal Agencies 91The FDA Import Process 92Prior Notice of Import 93USDA’s Import System 98Other Import Controls 100Country-of-origin Labeling 103Challenges Facing Import Regulation 104International Standards – Codex 106Conclusions 106References 108Chapter 6 EU Food Safety Regulation and Trust-enhancing Principles 111Ellen VosIntroduction 111Food Regulation: Between Market and Safety 112The EU’s Failings in Ensuring Food Safety 114The EU’s New Regime on Food Safety Regulation 115Restoring Trust in EU Decision-making on Foods 118Concluding Remarks 125Acknowledgment 126Notes 126References 129Chapter 7 Experience of Food Safety Authorities in Europe and the Rapid Alert System 133Roger WoodIntroduction 133The EU Approach to Legislation in the Food Sector 134Food Crises 135Risk Assessment and Risk Management and the EFSA 136The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed 141Notes 148Chapter 8 The Development of and Challenges Facing Food Safety Law in the People’s Republic of China 151Yuanyuan ShenIntroduction 151From “Food Hygiene” to “Food Safety”: A Brief History of the Development of China’s Food Safeguard System (1978–2009) 153China’s Food Safeguard System Today 165The Challenges China Faces in Food Safeguard Improvement 181Conclusions 186Acknowledgments 187Notes 187References 192Chapter 9 Defining Food Fraud and the Chemistry of the Crime 195John SpinkIntroduction 195Food Fraud 196Diversion, Parallel Trade, and Gray Market 203Criminology and the Chemistry of the Crime 204Improving Import Food Safety 208Conclusions 213References 214Part III Potential Strategies to Improve Import Safety 217Chapter 10 Tracking and Managing the Next Crisis 219Henry Chin, Nancy Rachman, and Maia JackIntroduction 219Tracking the Next Crisis 220Issue Management Tools 227Conclusion 233Notes 234Chapter 11 Food Product Tracing 235Jennifer McEntireIntroduction 235Current US Recordkeeping Requirements 236Global Recordkeeping Guidance and Practices 237Commercial Product Tracing Standards 238Food Industry Factors Affecting Traceability 241Recommendations for Product Tracing 244Commingling – A Special Case forProduct Tracing 246Traceability Versus Recall Ability 247Product Tracing as a Food Safety Tool for Imports 247References 248Chapter 12 Improving the Safety of Imported Foods with Intelligent Systems: The Case of United States–Mexico Fresh Produce Supply Chain 251William Nganje, Na Hu, Timothy Richards and Albert KaganIntroduction 252Assessment of Threat and Vulnerability 259Data and Procedure 261Optimal Control Procedure 263Results and Discussion 265Notes 269Appendix 270References 272Chapter 13 Testing with Confidence in the Pursuit of Global Food Safety 275Ronald L. Johnson and Robert E. KoeritzerIntroduction 275AOAC® International: Official Methods of Analysis sm 279Evolution of Method Development and Validation 280AOAC Research Institute 280Initial Step in AOAC Harmonization of Rapid Microbiological Test Kits 284The AOAC Guidelines Under Revision 289References 291Chapter 14 Global Food Protection: A New Organization is Needed 293William H. SperberIntroduction 293Background 294Proposal 298Conclusion 301Note 302References 302Chapter 15 Summary and Recommendations for the Safety of Imported Foods 303Lorna Zach, M. Ellin Doyle, Vicki Bierand Chuck Czuprynski Introduction 305Summary of Current Concerns 306Recommendations to Improve the Safety of Imported Foods 316Concluding Recommendations 321Conclusion 328Acknowledgments 328Notes 329References 329Index 335