Oral Microbiology at a Glance

Richard Lamont is Professor of Oral Biology at the University of Florida at Gainesville.Howard Jenkinson is Professor of Oral Biology at the University of Bristol, UK.

• About the authors vii Preface ixChapter 1 Introduction to oral microbiology 2Commensals and pathogensOral diseasesChapter 2 In the beginning 4The first microbesMicrobial basis of infectious diseaseMiller and the chemoparasitic theory of cariesOral and dental researchChapter 3 Caries as an infectious disease 6Dental caries as a transmissible diseaseStreptococcus mutansMutans group streptococciLink between S. mutans and dental cariesImmunity to cariesChapter 4 General properties of saliva 8Saliva productionProtective role of salivaSalivary pellicleSaliva as a nutrientChapter 5 Salivary mucins and agglutinins 10Composition of mucinsProperties of mucinsBacterial agglutinationChapter 6 Secretory Immunoglobulin A 12Production of S-IgAFunctions of S-IgAInactivation of salivary defensesDevelopment of S-IgAThe window of infectivitySelective IgA deficiencyChapter 7 Anti-microbial properties of saliva 14Anti-microbial components in salivaChapter 8 Innate defenses 16Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs)Human AMPsChapter 9 Microbes in the oral cavity 18Primary colonizersBeneficial effects of bacterial colonizersEcological plaque hypothesisEcology and diseaseChapter 10 Molecular microbial taxonomy 20Molecular taxonomyDenaturing gradient gel electrophoresisDNA chipsChapter 11 Systems approaches to oral microbiology 22TranscriptomicsProteomicsGene ontologyPost-translational networksTiled arraysChapter 12 Oral streptococci 24The genus StreptococcusViridans streptococciLancefield groupingRelatedness and pathogenicity of streptococciChapter 13 Microbial adherence 26AdherenceLong-range adherenceSpecific adhesionOral bacterial adhesins and receptorsChapter 14 Complex communities 28Inter-microbial reactionsCo-adhesionMetabolic associationsAntagonismChapter 15 Biofilms 30Biofilm developmentMicrobial recognition of surfaces and interbacterial communicationThe biofilm matrix, resilience and resistanceChapter 16 Bacterial polysaccharides 32Extracellular polysaccharide productionGlycosyltransferases and fructosyltransferasesGlucan binding proteinsEPS produced by oral Gram-negativesChapter 17 Microbiology of caries 34Structure of teethDental cariesTypes of dental cariesImportant bacteria in cariesEmerging and polymicrobial pathogensChapter 18 Virulence factors of S. mutans 36Initial attachment to tooth surfacesPolysaccharide productionAcid productionAcid toleranceBiofilm adaptationChapter 19 Host and environmental factors in caries 38Host factorsDietary factorsCaries risk assessmentChapter 20 Fluoride 40Modes of action of fluorideStrategies for fluoride deliveryAnti-microbial effects of fluorideEnhancing anti-microbial effectsChapter 21 Anti-caries strategies 42InhibitorsProbioticsImmunizationVaccinationChapter 22 Periodontal diseases 44Classification of periodontal diseasesRole of plaque bacteria in periodontal diseasesRole of host factors in periodontal diseasesChapter 23 Microorganisms associated with periodontal diseases 46GingivitisChronic periodontitisLocalized aggressive periodontitisGeneralized aggressive periodontitisColor-coded complexesP. gingivalis, a consensus pathogenA. actinomycetemcomitans, a pathogen in LAPCulture independent bacterial detectionChapter 24 Colonization by periodontal bacteriaAdhesionPeriodontal bacterial adhesinsIntracellular invasionMechanisms of invasionHost responses to intracellular bacteriaChapter 25 Virulence factors of periodontal bacteria 50ToxinsProteolytic enzymesBacterial components that impact alveolar boneOther toxic productsChapter 26 The immune response and periodontal bacteria 52Importance of neutrophilsInnate immune sensing of periodontal bacteriaTissue destruction and bone lossGenetic factors associated with periodontal diseaseChapter 27 Relationship between periodontal diseases and systemic health 54Pathogenic mechanisms – general principlesCardiovascular disease (CVD)Adverse pregnancy outcomesPulmonary infectionsDiabetesOsteoporosisChapter 28 Implants and titanium 56Osseo-integrationImplant structurePeri-implantitisBacteria associated with peri-implantitisAsepsis and treatmentChapter 29 Endodontic infections 58Dentinal tubulesBacterial invasion of dentinMicrobiota of endodontic infectionsSymptomatic versus asymptomaticTreatmentChapter 30 Host factors in endodontic infectionsPulpal infectionsPeriapical abscessesRepair and angiogenesisResistant bacteriaChapter 31 Infective endocarditis 62Bacteria in IEMechanism of vegetation formationBacterial virulence factorsAntibiotics in IEChapter 32 Oral mucosal, bone and systemic infections 64Mucosal infectionsSubmucosal and bone infectionsOral manifestations of systemic infectionsSystemic manifestations of oral infectionsChapter 33 Candida albicans and fungal infections 66C. albicans infectionsDenture stomatitisAngular cheilitisGingivitis and periodontal diseaseProsthetic implantsBiofilms and antifungal drugsChapter 34 Oral virology I, herpes, papillomavirus and parvovirus 68Herpes virusesPapillomavirusesParvovirusesChapter 35 Oral virology II, hepatitis and HIVHepatitis B virus (HBV)Hepatitis D virus (HDV, delta agent)Other hepatitis virusesHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)Chapter 36 Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance 72Antibiotics in dentistryResistance to anti-microbial agentsTransfer of anti-microbial resistanceCurtailing anti-microbial resistanceChapter 37 Sterilization 74HeatRadiationChemicalsChapter 38 Disinfection 76PhysicalChemicalChapter 39 Infection control 78PrionsDental unit water lines (DUWL)Chapter 40 Bioterrorism 80AnthraxBotulismSmallpoxSalmonellaBiological Weapons ConventionIndex 83