Francis Mading Deng is currently Deputy Rapporteur of South Sudan National Dialogue and Roving Ambassador. He formerly held the positions of Sudan's Ambassador to the Nordic countries, Canada, and the United States; Sudan's Minister of State for Foreign Affairs; the first Permanent Representative of South Sudan to the United Nations; Human Rights Officer in the UN Secretariat; Special Representative of the UN Secretary General on Internally Displaced Persons; and Special Advisor of the Secretary General for the Prevention of Genocide. He holds an LLB (honors) from Khartoum University and an LLM and JSD from Yale University. He has written or edited more than forty scholarly books on a wide variety of subjects and two novels on the crisis of identity in the Sudan. Dr. Deng has held senior positions in leading American universities and think tanks.Kevin M. Cahill, M.D., (1936-2022) was University Professor and Director at the Institute of International Humanitarian Affairs at Fordham University and the President of the Center for International Humanitarian Cooperation in New York City. He was also a Professor of Clinical Tropical Medicine and Molecular Parasitology at New York University and Director of the Tropical Disease Center at Lenox Hill Hospital. He served as the Chief Advisor on Humanitarian and Public Health Issues for three Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly and for the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations. His career in tropical medicine and humanitarian operations began in Calcutta in 1959; he carried out medical, relief, and epidemiological research in 70 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. He wrote or edited 33 books, translated into many languages, and more than 200 articles in peer-reviewed journals on subjects ranging from public health and tropical diseases to humanitarian assistance, foreign affairs, Irish literature, and history. He held numerous Honorary Doctorates from universities around the world.

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• Foreword by Kevin M. Cahill, M.D. xi Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 Chapter One: Overview of the Crisis 10 A Dream Turned Nightmare, and Worse 10 Tracing the Roots of the Crisis 15 Background to the Crisis 15 Developments on the Ground 17 Briefing the Ambassadors 19 Meeting the Detainees 20 The Tensions between the Government and UNMISS 25 Regional and International Response to the Crisis 28 Codependent Relationship between the Two Sudans 29 The Root of Sudan's Crisis of Identity 31 Breaking Down the Barriers between the North and the South 32 Chapter Two: Overlapping Conflicts between the Two Sudans 34 The Unresolved Contest over Abyei 35 Abyei Boundary Commission Report 36 Sudan's Demand for a Shared Dinka- Missiriya Administration in Abyei 40 Peaceful Co- existence 44 Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile 47 Security Concerns 49 Uncertainty about the Po liti cal Future 50 Comparing the Race Relations in the Two Areas 51 Chapter Three: Safeguarding a Precarious Peace 53 Final Steps toward the CPA 53 Principles for Evaluating the CPA Implementation 54 Elements of CPA Implementation 60 Attending Major Events in Sudan 63 The Signing of the CPA 64 Swearing- In Ceremony 65 The Death of Dr. John Garang 67 The CPA: A Laudable but Ambivalent Achievement 68 Chapter Four: Government of National Unity (GoNU) 73 The Presidency 74 The Cabinet 75 The National Assembly 76 Commissions Formation, Functioning, and Effectiveness 77 The Call for Law Reform 78 Involvement of Opposition Parties 80 The NCP Point of View 81 The Southern Point of View 82 Northern Opposition Point of View 84 Demarcation of the North- South Borders 87 The Distribution of Oil Revenues 88 Security Concerns and Setbacks 89 Efforts to Divide the South and Undermine the SPLM 91 SPLM: Rising to the Occasion? 93 The Prospects for Transformation 93 Impact of Developments on the NCP- SPLM Partnership 95 Chapter Five: Government of South Sudan 100 Establishment of Institutions and Assignment of Posts 101 Northern Interference in Southern Governance 102 Bringing Peace Dividends to the People 104 The Challenge of Corruption 107 The Threat of Disunity 113 Managing Tribal Confl icts 114 The Role of the Traditional Justice System 116 Taking Power to the Local Level 117 Chapter Six: The Internally Displaced and Refugees 120 The Situation of Return 121 Capacity and Coordination 122 Security Concerns 123 Push and Pull Factors in Return 124 Paradoxical Situation of IDPs in Khartoum 125 Repatriation, Resettlement, and Rehabilitation 127 Chapter Seven: Allegations of Genocide and Mass Atrocities 129 Demystifying Genocide and Mass Atrocities 129 The Tortuous Path to South Sudan In de pen dence 132 The Challenge to South Sudan's Diplomacy 135 The Crisis in Perspective 140 Conclusion 143

Francis Mading Deng is currently Deputy Rapporteur of South Sudan National Dialogue and Roving Ambassador. He formerly held the positions of Sudan's Ambassador to the Nordic countries, Canada, and the United States; Sudan's Minister of State for Foreign Affairs; the first Permanent Representative of South Sudan to the United Nations; Human Rights Officer in the UN Secretariat; Special Representative of the UN Secretary General on Internally Displaced Persons; and Special Advisor of the Secretary General for the Prevention of Genocide. He holds an LLB (honors) from Khartoum University and an LLM and JSD from Yale University. He has written or edited more than forty scholarly books on a wide variety of subjects and two novels on the crisis of identity in the Sudan. Dr. Deng has held senior positions in leading American universities and think tanks.Kevin M. Cahill, M.D., (1936-2022) was University Professor and Director at the Institute of International Humanitarian Affairs at Fordham University and the President of the Center for International Humanitarian Cooperation in New York City. He was also a Professor of Clinical Tropical Medicine and Molecular Parasitology at New York University and Director of the Tropical Disease Center at Lenox Hill Hospital. He served as the Chief Advisor on Humanitarian and Public Health Issues for three Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly and for the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations. His career in tropical medicine and humanitarian operations began in Calcutta in 1959; he carried out medical, relief, and epidemiological research in 70 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. He wrote or edited 33 books, translated into many languages, and more than 200 articles in peer-reviewed journals on subjects ranging from public health and tropical diseases to humanitarian assistance, foreign affairs, Irish literature, and history. He held numerous Honorary Doctorates from universities around the world.

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• Foreword by Kevin M. Cahill, M.D. xi Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 Chapter One: Overview of the Crisis 10 A Dream Turned Nightmare, and Worse 10 Tracing the Roots of the Crisis 15 Background to the Crisis 15 Developments on the Ground 17 Briefing the Ambassadors 19 Meeting the Detainees 20 The Tensions between the Government and UNMISS 25 Regional and International Response to the Crisis 28 Codependent Relationship between the Two Sudans 29 The Root of Sudan's Crisis of Identity 31 Breaking Down the Barriers between the North and the South 32 Chapter Two: Overlapping Conflicts between the Two Sudans 34 The Unresolved Contest over Abyei 35 Abyei Boundary Commission Report 36 Sudan's Demand for a Shared Dinka- Missiriya Administration in Abyei 40 Peaceful Co- existence 44 Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile 47 Security Concerns 49 Uncertainty about the Po liti cal Future 50 Comparing the Race Relations in the Two Areas 51 Chapter Three: Safeguarding a Precarious Peace 53 Final Steps toward the CPA 53 Principles for Evaluating the CPA Implementation 54 Elements of CPA Implementation 60 Attending Major Events in Sudan 63 The Signing of the CPA 64 Swearing- In Ceremony 65 The Death of Dr. John Garang 67 The CPA: A Laudable but Ambivalent Achievement 68 Chapter Four: Government of National Unity (GoNU) 73 The Presidency 74 The Cabinet 75 The National Assembly 76 Commissions Formation, Functioning, and Effectiveness 77 The Call for Law Reform 78 Involvement of Opposition Parties 80 The NCP Point of View 81 The Southern Point of View 82 Northern Opposition Point of View 84 Demarcation of the North- South Borders 87 The Distribution of Oil Revenues 88 Security Concerns and Setbacks 89 Efforts to Divide the South and Undermine the SPLM 91 SPLM: Rising to the Occasion? 93 The Prospects for Transformation 93 Impact of Developments on the NCP- SPLM Partnership 95 Chapter Five: Government of South Sudan 100 Establishment of Institutions and Assignment of Posts 101 Northern Interference in Southern Governance 102 Bringing Peace Dividends to the People 104 The Challenge of Corruption 107 The Threat of Disunity 113 Managing Tribal Confl icts 114 The Role of the Traditional Justice System 116 Taking Power to the Local Level 117 Chapter Six: The Internally Displaced and Refugees 120 The Situation of Return 121 Capacity and Coordination 122 Security Concerns 123 Push and Pull Factors in Return 124 Paradoxical Situation of IDPs in Khartoum 125 Repatriation, Resettlement, and Rehabilitation 127 Chapter Seven: Allegations of Genocide and Mass Atrocities 129 Demystifying Genocide and Mass Atrocities 129 The Tortuous Path to South Sudan In de pen dence 132 The Challenge to South Sudan's Diplomacy 135 The Crisis in Perspective 140 Conclusion 143

Francis Mading Deng is currently Deputy Rapporteur of South Sudan National Dialogue and Roving Ambassador. He formerly held the positions of Sudan's Ambassador to the Nordic countries, Canada, and the United States; Sudan's Minister of State for Foreign Affairs; the first Permanent Representative of South Sudan to the United Nations; Human Rights Officer in the UN Secretariat; Special Representative of the UN Secretary General on Internally Displaced Persons; and Special Advisor of the Secretary General for the Prevention of Genocide. He holds an LLB (honors) from Khartoum University and an LLM and JSD from Yale University. He has written or edited more than forty scholarly books on a wide variety of subjects and two novels on the crisis of identity in the Sudan. Dr. Deng has held senior positions in leading American universities and think tanks.Kevin M. Cahill, M.D., (1936-2022) was University Professor and Director at the Institute of International Humanitarian Affairs at Fordham University and the President of the Center for International Humanitarian Cooperation in New York City. He was also a Professor of Clinical Tropical Medicine and Molecular Parasitology at New York University and Director of the Tropical Disease Center at Lenox Hill Hospital. He served as the Chief Advisor on Humanitarian and Public Health Issues for three Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly and for the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations. His career in tropical medicine and humanitarian operations began in Calcutta in 1959; he carried out medical, relief, and epidemiological research in 70 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. He wrote or edited 33 books, translated into many languages, and more than 200 articles in peer-reviewed journals on subjects ranging from public health and tropical diseases to humanitarian assistance, foreign affairs, Irish literature, and history. He held numerous Honorary Doctorates from universities around the world.

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• Foreword by Kevin M. Cahill, M.D. xi Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 Chapter One: Overview of the Crisis 10 A Dream Turned Nightmare, and Worse 10 Tracing the Roots of the Crisis 15 Background to the Crisis 15 Developments on the Ground 17 Briefing the Ambassadors 19 Meeting the Detainees 20 The Tensions between the Government and UNMISS 25 Regional and International Response to the Crisis 28 Codependent Relationship between the Two Sudans 29 The Root of Sudan's Crisis of Identity 31 Breaking Down the Barriers between the North and the South 32 Chapter Two: Overlapping Conflicts between the Two Sudans 34 The Unresolved Contest over Abyei 35 Abyei Boundary Commission Report 36 Sudan's Demand for a Shared Dinka- Missiriya Administration in Abyei 40 Peaceful Co- existence 44 Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile 47 Security Concerns 49 Uncertainty about the Po liti cal Future 50 Comparing the Race Relations in the Two Areas 51 Chapter Three: Safeguarding a Precarious Peace 53 Final Steps toward the CPA 53 Principles for Evaluating the CPA Implementation 54 Elements of CPA Implementation 60 Attending Major Events in Sudan 63 The Signing of the CPA 64 Swearing- In Ceremony 65 The Death of Dr. John Garang 67 The CPA: A Laudable but Ambivalent Achievement 68 Chapter Four: Government of National Unity (GoNU) 73 The Presidency 74 The Cabinet 75 The National Assembly 76 Commissions Formation, Functioning, and Effectiveness 77 The Call for Law Reform 78 Involvement of Opposition Parties 80 The NCP Point of View 81 The Southern Point of View 82 Northern Opposition Point of View 84 Demarcation of the North- South Borders 87 The Distribution of Oil Revenues 88 Security Concerns and Setbacks 89 Efforts to Divide the South and Undermine the SPLM 91 SPLM: Rising to the Occasion? 93 The Prospects for Transformation 93 Impact of Developments on the NCP- SPLM Partnership 95 Chapter Five: Government of South Sudan 100 Establishment of Institutions and Assignment of Posts 101 Northern Interference in Southern Governance 102 Bringing Peace Dividends to the People 104 The Challenge of Corruption 107 The Threat of Disunity 113 Managing Tribal Confl icts 114 The Role of the Traditional Justice System 116 Taking Power to the Local Level 117 Chapter Six: The Internally Displaced and Refugees 120 The Situation of Return 121 Capacity and Coordination 122 Security Concerns 123 Push and Pull Factors in Return 124 Paradoxical Situation of IDPs in Khartoum 125 Repatriation, Resettlement, and Rehabilitation 127 Chapter Seven: Allegations of Genocide and Mass Atrocities 129 Demystifying Genocide and Mass Atrocities 129 The Tortuous Path to South Sudan In de pen dence 132 The Challenge to South Sudan's Diplomacy 135 The Crisis in Perspective 140 Conclusion 143