Geological Aspects of Hazardous Waste Management

Stephen M. Testa is president and founder of Applied Environmental Services, Inc., located in San Juan Capistrano, California. He received his B.S. and M.S. in Geology from California State University at Northridge. For the past 17 years, he has worked in the areas of geology, hydrogeology, engineering geology, and hazardous waste management with firms such as Bechtel, Inc., Converse Consultants, Dames and Moore, and Engineering Enterprises, Inc. He has participated in numerous subsurface hydrogeologic site characterization projects associated with nuclear hydroelectric power and petrochemical plants, hazardous waste disposal facilities, and other industrial and commercial complexes. For the past five years, his main emphasis has been in the area of nonaqueous phase liquid hydrocarbon recovery and aquifer restoration. Maintaining overall management and technical responsibilities in engineering geology, hydrogeology, and hazardous waste-related projects, he has participated in numerous projects involving geologic and hydrogeologic site assessments, soil and water quality assessments, soil remediation, design and development of groundwater monitoring and aquifer remediation programs, waste minimization and recycling, and expert testimony. Mr. Testa is the author of three books and more than 60 technical papers. He is an active member of numerous organizations including the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Association of Engineering Geologists, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Association of Groundwater Scientists and Engineers, Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute, Geological Society of America, California Groundwater Association, and Sigma Xi. He is also a member of the American Institute of Professional Geologists, where he has served on the Executive Committee and on various committees, including the National Committee for Professional Development, Continuing Education and Screening. He also conducts workshops on various environmental topics and teaches part-time at the University of Southern California and California State University at Fullerton.

"An important reference for the environmental industry."-Ground Water

• CONTENTS -- Chapter-1 Introduction -- The Waste Problem -- Waste Disposal Alternatives -- The Role of the Geologist -- Bibliography -- Chapter-2 Regulatory Framework -- Introduction -- National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) -- Clean Water Act (CWA) -- Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) -- Drinking Water Standards -- Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program -- Sole Source Aquifers (SSA) -- Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) -- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) -- Hazardous and Toxic Wastes -- Mining Wastes -- Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) -- Remedial Investigation /Feasibility Study -- Environmental Site Assessments -- Oil-Field Properties -- Geothermal Properties -- Bibliography -- Chapter-3 Geologic Principles -- Introduction -- Porosity, Permeability, and Diagenesis -- Sedimentary Sequences and Facies Architecture -- Fluvial Sequences -- Alluvial Fan Sequences -- Deltaic Sequences -- Glacial Sequences -- Eolian Sequences -- Carbonate Sequences -- Volcanic-Sedimentary Sequences -- Structural Style and Framework -- Faults -- Fractured Media -- Seismicity -- Bibliography -- Chapter-4 Hydrogeologic Principles -- Introduction -- The Flux Equation -- Darcy’s Law -- Fick’s Law -- Gases and Vapors -- Saturated Systems -- Types of Aquifers -- Steady State Flow -- Nonsteady Flow -- Unsaturated Systems -- Capillary Barriers -- Groundwater Chemistry -- Bibliography -- Chapter-5 Techniques for Subsurface Characterization -- Introduction -- Subsurface Exploration -- Soil and Rock Borings -- Hollow-Stem Auger Drilling -- Cable-Tool Drilling -- Rotary Drilling -- Wire-Line Coring -- Horizontal Drilling -- Monitoring Wells and Piezometers -- Vapor Wells -- Cone Penetration Testing -- Classification of Subsurface Materials -- Unconsolidated Deposits -- Unified Soil Classification System -- Burmister Soil Identification System -- Comprehensive Soil Classification System -- Other Pertinent Soil Information -- Consolidated Deposits -- Soil Vapor Monitoring -- Boring Logs and Well Construction Details -- Boring Logs -- Well Construction Details -- Soil Vapor Monitoring -- Bibliography -- Chapter-6 Geophysical Applications -- Introduction -- Surface Geophysical Techniques -- Ground Penetrating Radar -- Electromagnetic Induction -- Resistivity -- Seismic -- Gravity -- Magnetometry -- Downhole Geophysical Techniques -- Nuclear Logs -- Natural Gamma Logs -- Gamma-Spectrometry Logs -- Gamma-Gamma Logs -- Neutron-Epithermal Neutron Logs -- Other Nuclear Logs -- Electric Logs -- Resistivity Logs -- Spontaneous-Potential Logs -- Dipmeter Logs -- Fluid Logs -- Conductivity Logs -- Flow Logs -- Temperature Logs -- Caliper Logs -- Acoustic Logs -- Acoustic-Velocity Logs -- Acoustic Wave-Form Logs -- Cement-Bond Logs -- Acoustic-Televiewer Logs -- Bibliography -- Chapter-7 Waste Characterization -- Introduction -- Waste Characterization -- Soil as a Hazardous Waste -- Groundwater as a Hazardous Waste -- Selection of Maximum Contaminant Levels and Goals -- Crude Oil -- Debris Rule -- Declassification -- Bibliography -- Chapter-8 Subsurface Processes -- Introduction -- Physical Processes -- Advection -- Dispersion -- Diffusion -- Volatilization -- Filtration -- Biological Processes -- Subsurface Organisms -- Nutrition, Energy, and Cell Metabolism -- Enzymes, DNA, and Plasmids -- The Bacterial Cell and Biological Processes -- Biodegradation of Xenobiotics -- Biovolatilization -- Bioassimilation and Bioaccumulation -- Biomineralization -- Chemical Processes -- Solute Concentrations in Natural Waters -- Chemical Equilibria -- Henry’s Law and Dissolved Gases -- Dissociation -- Acid /Base Reactions -- Dissolution /Precipitation -- Hydrolysis -- Oxidation /Reduction (Redox) -- Complexation -- The Carbonate System -- Speciation -- Thermal Degradation -- Photochemical Reactions -- Ion Exchange and Sorption -- Retardation Factors -- Bibliography -- Chapter-9 Nonaqueous Phase Liquids -- Introduction -- Properties of NAPLs -- Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids -- LNAPL Apparent vs Actual Thickness -- LNAPL Recovery Considerations -- Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids -- DNAPL Apparent vs Actual Thickness -- DNAPL Recovery Considerations -- Source Identification -- Bibliography -- Chapter-10 Landfill Disposal -- Introduction -- Landfill Design -- Liner System -- Leachate Collection and Removal System -- Siting Criteria -- Vadose Detection Monitoring -- Lysimeters -- Neutron Moisture Probes -- Groundwater Detection Monitoring -- Point of Compliance -- Well Placement -- Parametric Studies -- Case Histories -- Arlington Facility, North-Central Oregon -- Site Description -- Facility Layout and Operation -- Geologic Setting -- Hydrogeologic Setting -- Groundwater Monitoring System Design -- Casmalia Resources Facility, Southern California -- Site Description -- Facility Layout and Operation -- Geologic Setting -- Hydrogeologic Setting -- Groundwater Monitoring System Design -- Bibliography -- Chapter-11 Underground Injection -- Introduction -- Classes of Injection Wells -- Class I Wells -- Class II Wells -- Class III Wells -- Class IV Wells -- Class V Wells -- Siting Criteria -- Designation of Underground Sources of Drinking Water -- Aquifer Exemption -- Hydrogeologic Considerations -- Injection Zone Characteristics -- Confining Zone Characteristics -- Area of Review -- Design Criteria -- Reporting and Monitoring -- Geochemical Fate of Injected Hazardous Waste -- Bibliography -- Chapter-12 Underground Geologic Repositories -- Introduction -- Siting Criteria -- Host Rock Types -- Rock Salt -- Granite -- Basalts -- Volcanic Tuffs -- Sedimentary Rocks -- Design Considerations -- Existing Mines -- Solution-Mined Caverns -- Mining Methods -- Rock Mechanics -- Newly Mined Space -- Bibliography -- Chapter-13 Ocean Disposal -- Introduction -- Types of Ocean Waste -- Dredged Materials -- Sewage Sludge -- Industrial Wastes -- Construction Debris -- Incineration Residue Waste -- Other Waste Types -- The Ocean Environment -- Continental Margins -- Continental Shelf -- Continental Slope -- Shelfbreak -- Continental Rise -- Deep Ocean Regimes -- Abyssal Plains -- Abyssal Hills -- Ocean Processes -- Physical Processes -- Chemical Processes -- Biological Processes -- Geologic Considerations -- Stability and Predictability -- Sediment Properties -- Sediment Processes -- Bibliography -- Appendices -- A Conversions for International System (SI Metric) and United States Units -- B Glossary of Regulatory Terms of Geologic Significance -- C Analysis Reference Chart -- Index.