M. Kazim Bacchus was Professor of Education and Director of the Centre for International Education and Development at the University of Alberta. He helped as Director to establish the Institute for Educational Development at The Aga Khan University in Kartachi, Pakistan. He taught at the Universities of London, Guyana, West Indies, Alberta, and Chicago and was a consultant with CIDA, UNESCO, the Government of Papua New Guinea, and the Commonwealth Secretariat.

• Table of Contents for Education As and For Legitimacy: Developments in West Indian Education Between 1846 and 1895 , by M. Kazim Bacchus List of Figures and Tables Preface Acknowledgements Introduction INTRODUCTION: SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CHANGES AFFECTING EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE BRITISH WEST INDIES, 1864â95 Introduction Economic Changes Following the Decline of the Sugar Industry The Continued Dominance of Planters in West Indian Societies Constitutional Changes Disendowment of the Church of England Changes in Social Structure: Social Mobility among Coloureds and Blacks The Attitude of the Elites to Black Mobility The Plural Nature of West Indian Societies Education to Establish Legitimacy of the State and the Governing Elites Continued Resistance by Whites to the Mobility of Blacks Summary and Overview CHAPTER 1: CONSENSUS AND CONFLICT OVER THE PROVISION OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION The Provision of Elementary Education Moral Support from the Imperial Government The Support Provided by West Indian Governors Pressures for Increasing Support of Popular Education Resistance to Increasing the Supply of Elementary Education Support from Local Legislators Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 2: PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND ATTENDANCE Introduction Education of New Immigrants Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 3: FACTORS INFLUENCING SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND ATTENDANCE Introduction Different Levels of Funding for Elementary Education Factors Contributing to School Enrollment and Attendance Conflicting Views about Parental Interest in Education Explaining These Different Perceptions of Attitudes to Education Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 4: THE DOMINANCE OF RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN THE CURRICULUM OF THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS Introduction Support for Religious Education Reasons for the Dominant Role of Religious Instruction in Schools Implementation of the Programme of Religious Education Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 5: THE ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION IN THE CURRICULUM OF THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS Support of the Elites for Industrial Education Towards the Development of a Programme of Industrial Education The Kay Shuttleworth Report Efforts at Introducing Modified Industrial Education Programmes Reasons for the Continued Insistence on Industrial Education by the Elites Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 6: OTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMARY EDUCATION Other Educational Concerns at the Primary Level Problems in Providing a Broader-based Curriculum Effect of Inspection on the Work of Schools Other Effects of School Evaluation Based on the Annual Examination The Low Level of Professional Competence among Teachers School Buildings and Instructional Supplies Supplies and Equipment Towards Some Signs of Improvement The Education of Girls CHAPTER 7: TEACHERS: THEIR SUPPLY AND STATUS Introduction The Supply of Qualified Teachers Another Approach to Improving Teacher Quality Elements of Teacher Preparation Status of Teachers in the West Indies Teachers' Remuneration Other Effects of Low Level of Teachers' Salaries Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 8: PRIMARY EDUCATION, 1846â95: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Review and Assessment Some Positive Outcomes of Primary Education Some Alternative Views about the Qualitative Outcomes of Primary Schooling CHAPTER 9: SECONDARY AND POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION, 1846â95 Secondary Education prior to 1845 Two Types of Post-basic Education Factors Influencing the Provision of Secondary Education after Abolition Continuing Demand for Secondary Education The Development of Post-secondary Education Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 10: SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM Secondary Education prior to 1845 Introduction The Curriculum of the Grammar Schools in the West Indies Criticisms of the Curriculum of the Grammar Schools Pressures for Scientific, Agricultural, and Commercial Subjects in the Curriculum Other Efforts at Reforming the Secondary Curriculum Resistance to Changes in the Classical Curriculum The Effect of External Examinations on the Curriculum of the Grammar Schools Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 11: SECONDARY EDUCATION AND UPWARD SOCIAL MOBILITY School Enrollment and Social Stratification Increasing Middle-class Demand for Higher Education Problems Faced By Non-whites in Obtaining a Higher Education Secondary Education as Status Confirmation State Scholarships for Post-secondary Education Secondary Schools and the Perpetuation of Class Distinction The Occupational Destination of Secondary-school Graduates Summary CHAPTER 12: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Introduction The Major Actors on the Educational Scene Reasons for Increasing State Involvement in Education Technical or Efficiency Concerns Concern with Capital Accumulation and the Establishment of the Legitimacy of the State The Expansion of Education as a Legitimating Device Summary Bibliography Index

M. Kazim Bacchus was Professor of Education and Director of the Centre for International Education and Development at the University of Alberta. He helped as Director to establish the Institute for Educational Development at The Aga Khan University in Kartachi, Pakistan. He taught at the Universities of London, Guyana, West Indies, Alberta, and Chicago and was a consultant with CIDA, UNESCO, the Government of Papua New Guinea, and the Commonwealth Secretariat.

• Table of Contents for Education As and For Legitimacy: Developments in West Indian Education Between 1846 and 1895 , by M. Kazim Bacchus List of Figures and Tables Preface Acknowledgements Introduction INTRODUCTION: SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CHANGES AFFECTING EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE BRITISH WEST INDIES, 1864â95 Introduction Economic Changes Following the Decline of the Sugar Industry The Continued Dominance of Planters in West Indian Societies Constitutional Changes Disendowment of the Church of England Changes in Social Structure: Social Mobility among Coloureds and Blacks The Attitude of the Elites to Black Mobility The Plural Nature of West Indian Societies Education to Establish Legitimacy of the State and the Governing Elites Continued Resistance by Whites to the Mobility of Blacks Summary and Overview CHAPTER 1: CONSENSUS AND CONFLICT OVER THE PROVISION OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION The Provision of Elementary Education Moral Support from the Imperial Government The Support Provided by West Indian Governors Pressures for Increasing Support of Popular Education Resistance to Increasing the Supply of Elementary Education Support from Local Legislators Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 2: PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND ATTENDANCE Introduction Education of New Immigrants Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 3: FACTORS INFLUENCING SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND ATTENDANCE Introduction Different Levels of Funding for Elementary Education Factors Contributing to School Enrollment and Attendance Conflicting Views about Parental Interest in Education Explaining These Different Perceptions of Attitudes to Education Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 4: THE DOMINANCE OF RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN THE CURRICULUM OF THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS Introduction Support for Religious Education Reasons for the Dominant Role of Religious Instruction in Schools Implementation of the Programme of Religious Education Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 5: THE ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION IN THE CURRICULUM OF THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS Support of the Elites for Industrial Education Towards the Development of a Programme of Industrial Education The Kay Shuttleworth Report Efforts at Introducing Modified Industrial Education Programmes Reasons for the Continued Insistence on Industrial Education by the Elites Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 6: OTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMARY EDUCATION Other Educational Concerns at the Primary Level Problems in Providing a Broader-based Curriculum Effect of Inspection on the Work of Schools Other Effects of School Evaluation Based on the Annual Examination The Low Level of Professional Competence among Teachers School Buildings and Instructional Supplies Supplies and Equipment Towards Some Signs of Improvement The Education of Girls CHAPTER 7: TEACHERS: THEIR SUPPLY AND STATUS Introduction The Supply of Qualified Teachers Another Approach to Improving Teacher Quality Elements of Teacher Preparation Status of Teachers in the West Indies Teachers' Remuneration Other Effects of Low Level of Teachers' Salaries Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 8: PRIMARY EDUCATION, 1846â95: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Review and Assessment Some Positive Outcomes of Primary Education Some Alternative Views about the Qualitative Outcomes of Primary Schooling CHAPTER 9: SECONDARY AND POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION, 1846â95 Secondary Education prior to 1845 Two Types of Post-basic Education Factors Influencing the Provision of Secondary Education after Abolition Continuing Demand for Secondary Education The Development of Post-secondary Education Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 10: SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM Secondary Education prior to 1845 Introduction The Curriculum of the Grammar Schools in the West Indies Criticisms of the Curriculum of the Grammar Schools Pressures for Scientific, Agricultural, and Commercial Subjects in the Curriculum Other Efforts at Reforming the Secondary Curriculum Resistance to Changes in the Classical Curriculum The Effect of External Examinations on the Curriculum of the Grammar Schools Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 11: SECONDARY EDUCATION AND UPWARD SOCIAL MOBILITY School Enrollment and Social Stratification Increasing Middle-class Demand for Higher Education Problems Faced By Non-whites in Obtaining a Higher Education Secondary Education as Status Confirmation State Scholarships for Post-secondary Education Secondary Schools and the Perpetuation of Class Distinction The Occupational Destination of Secondary-school Graduates Summary CHAPTER 12: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Introduction The Major Actors on the Educational Scene Reasons for Increasing State Involvement in Education Technical or Efficiency Concerns Concern with Capital Accumulation and the Establishment of the Legitimacy of the State The Expansion of Education as a Legitimating Device Summary Bibliography Index

M. Kazim Bacchus was Professor of Education and Director of the Centre for International Education and Development at the University of Alberta. He helped as Director to establish the Institute for Educational Development at The Aga Khan University in Kartachi, Pakistan. He taught at the Universities of London, Guyana, West Indies, Alberta, and Chicago and was a consultant with CIDA, UNESCO, the Government of Papua New Guinea, and the Commonwealth Secretariat.

• Table of Contents for Education As and For Legitimacy: Developments in West Indian Education Between 1846 and 1895 , by M. Kazim Bacchus List of Figures and Tables Preface Acknowledgements Introduction INTRODUCTION: SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CHANGES AFFECTING EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE BRITISH WEST INDIES, 1864â95 Introduction Economic Changes Following the Decline of the Sugar Industry The Continued Dominance of Planters in West Indian Societies Constitutional Changes Disendowment of the Church of England Changes in Social Structure: Social Mobility among Coloureds and Blacks The Attitude of the Elites to Black Mobility The Plural Nature of West Indian Societies Education to Establish Legitimacy of the State and the Governing Elites Continued Resistance by Whites to the Mobility of Blacks Summary and Overview CHAPTER 1: CONSENSUS AND CONFLICT OVER THE PROVISION OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION The Provision of Elementary Education Moral Support from the Imperial Government The Support Provided by West Indian Governors Pressures for Increasing Support of Popular Education Resistance to Increasing the Supply of Elementary Education Support from Local Legislators Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 2: PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND ATTENDANCE Introduction Education of New Immigrants Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 3: FACTORS INFLUENCING SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND ATTENDANCE Introduction Different Levels of Funding for Elementary Education Factors Contributing to School Enrollment and Attendance Conflicting Views about Parental Interest in Education Explaining These Different Perceptions of Attitudes to Education Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 4: THE DOMINANCE OF RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN THE CURRICULUM OF THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS Introduction Support for Religious Education Reasons for the Dominant Role of Religious Instruction in Schools Implementation of the Programme of Religious Education Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 5: THE ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION IN THE CURRICULUM OF THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS Support of the Elites for Industrial Education Towards the Development of a Programme of Industrial Education The Kay Shuttleworth Report Efforts at Introducing Modified Industrial Education Programmes Reasons for the Continued Insistence on Industrial Education by the Elites Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 6: OTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMARY EDUCATION Other Educational Concerns at the Primary Level Problems in Providing a Broader-based Curriculum Effect of Inspection on the Work of Schools Other Effects of School Evaluation Based on the Annual Examination The Low Level of Professional Competence among Teachers School Buildings and Instructional Supplies Supplies and Equipment Towards Some Signs of Improvement The Education of Girls CHAPTER 7: TEACHERS: THEIR SUPPLY AND STATUS Introduction The Supply of Qualified Teachers Another Approach to Improving Teacher Quality Elements of Teacher Preparation Status of Teachers in the West Indies Teachers' Remuneration Other Effects of Low Level of Teachers' Salaries Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 8: PRIMARY EDUCATION, 1846â95: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Review and Assessment Some Positive Outcomes of Primary Education Some Alternative Views about the Qualitative Outcomes of Primary Schooling CHAPTER 9: SECONDARY AND POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION, 1846â95 Secondary Education prior to 1845 Two Types of Post-basic Education Factors Influencing the Provision of Secondary Education after Abolition Continuing Demand for Secondary Education The Development of Post-secondary Education Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 10: SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM Secondary Education prior to 1845 Introduction The Curriculum of the Grammar Schools in the West Indies Criticisms of the Curriculum of the Grammar Schools Pressures for Scientific, Agricultural, and Commercial Subjects in the Curriculum Other Efforts at Reforming the Secondary Curriculum Resistance to Changes in the Classical Curriculum The Effect of External Examinations on the Curriculum of the Grammar Schools Summary and Conclusions CHAPTER 11: SECONDARY EDUCATION AND UPWARD SOCIAL MOBILITY School Enrollment and Social Stratification Increasing Middle-class Demand for Higher Education Problems Faced By Non-whites in Obtaining a Higher Education Secondary Education as Status Confirmation State Scholarships for Post-secondary Education Secondary Schools and the Perpetuation of Class Distinction The Occupational Destination of Secondary-school Graduates Summary CHAPTER 12: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Introduction The Major Actors on the Educational Scene Reasons for Increasing State Involvement in Education Technical or Efficiency Concerns Concern with Capital Accumulation and the Establishment of the Legitimacy of the State The Expansion of Education as a Legitimating Device Summary Bibliography Index