Frederick Grinnell, PhD, The University of Texas at Dallas.

The Scientific Attitude presents a clear picture of what scientists actually do. The book offers a succinct statement of the issues and is pitched at the right level for the beginning graduate student. --Tumuo Hoshiko, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve UniversityFor Frederick Grinnell, science is not a spectator sport. He is an active research scientist who has taken the time to stand back and look at how scientific investigations, including his own, are actually conducted. The result is The Scientific Attitude, a book that every student thinking of becoming a scientist should read....I wish that Grinnell's book had been available to me when I was contemplating a career in science.'' --David L. Hull, Northwestern University - This is a well-written, well-referenced, accessible account of what science is and what it is not. All the important nuts and bolts' are considered, including how science is done, how ideas are transmitted through time and among individual investigators, and how the enterprise is affected by nonscientific influences....That I enjoyed this book as much as I did is evidence that Grinnell has succeeded in his aim to make his views clear to anyone interested in science. I highly recommend this book to all who would like a working understanding of scientific practice. I also endorse its use by those interested in the study of complex human systems. --The Journal of Medical Humanities, 3/8/1992

• 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. MAKING OBSERVATIONS. Observing Cells. Analyzing the CellConcept. Learning to See Cells. The Cell Gestalt. TheConcept of Life. The Impartiality of Science.3. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION. Choosing Problemsfor Study. Hypotheses and Expectations. The Assumption ofReproducibility. Seeing Data According to DifferentGestalts. Luck in Science. Explicit and ImplicitHypotheses. Development of Hypotheses. Structure, Function,and Organization in Biology. 4. SCIENTIFIC COLLECTIVES: TRANSMISSION OF THE THOUGHT STYLE.Thought Collectives and Intersubjectivity. Acceptance ofNew Discoveries by the Thought Collective. Structure ofGraduate Programs. The Reputation of Graduate Programs.Graduate Courses and Exams. Thesis Advisors. Structure ofIndividual Laboratories. Expanding the Laboratory ThoughtStyle. The Ph.D. Thesis. 5. SCIENTIFIC COLLECTIVES: MAINTAINING THE THOUGHT STYLE.Evaluating Prospective Faculty Members. Research Papers.Research Papers Other Than Formal Papers. Research Funding.Setting the Agenda for Future Research. The ScientificEstablishment. 6. SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT: SCIENCE AT RISK. The Meaning ofScientific Misconduct. Biological Activity of an InfinitelyDiluted Solution: A Study in Controversy. Error vs.Fraud--Part I: The Baltimore Case. Error vs. Fraud--Part II: Why Are They Linked Together? Auditing theScientific Literature. The Integrity of Science. Secrecyand Sharing Research Data and Materials. Conflict ofInterest. 7. SCIENCE AND THE WORLD. The Origins of Science in EverydayLife Experience. Life Experience Beyond Science. Scienceand Religion. Science and Ethics. Scientists as People. TheInfluence of Politics on Science.8. CONCLUDING COMMENTS.

Frederick Grinnell, PhD, The University of Texas at Dallas.

The Scientific Attitude presents a clear picture of what scientists actually do. The book offers a succinct statement of the issues and is pitched at the right level for the beginning graduate student. --Tumuo Hoshiko, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve UniversityFor Frederick Grinnell, science is not a spectator sport. He is an active research scientist who has taken the time to stand back and look at how scientific investigations, including his own, are actually conducted. The result is The Scientific Attitude, a book that every student thinking of becoming a scientist should read....I wish that Grinnell's book had been available to me when I was contemplating a career in science.'' --David L. Hull, Northwestern University - This is a well-written, well-referenced, accessible account of what science is and what it is not. All the important nuts and bolts' are considered, including how science is done, how ideas are transmitted through time and among individual investigators, and how the enterprise is affected by nonscientific influences....That I enjoyed this book as much as I did is evidence that Grinnell has succeeded in his aim to make his views clear to anyone interested in science. I highly recommend this book to all who would like a working understanding of scientific practice. I also endorse its use by those interested in the study of complex human systems. --The Journal of Medical Humanities, 3/8/1992

• 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. MAKING OBSERVATIONS. Observing Cells. Analyzing the CellConcept. Learning to See Cells. The Cell Gestalt. TheConcept of Life. The Impartiality of Science.3. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION. Choosing Problemsfor Study. Hypotheses and Expectations. The Assumption ofReproducibility. Seeing Data According to DifferentGestalts. Luck in Science. Explicit and ImplicitHypotheses. Development of Hypotheses. Structure, Function,and Organization in Biology. 4. SCIENTIFIC COLLECTIVES: TRANSMISSION OF THE THOUGHT STYLE.Thought Collectives and Intersubjectivity. Acceptance ofNew Discoveries by the Thought Collective. Structure ofGraduate Programs. The Reputation of Graduate Programs.Graduate Courses and Exams. Thesis Advisors. Structure ofIndividual Laboratories. Expanding the Laboratory ThoughtStyle. The Ph.D. Thesis. 5. SCIENTIFIC COLLECTIVES: MAINTAINING THE THOUGHT STYLE.Evaluating Prospective Faculty Members. Research Papers.Research Papers Other Than Formal Papers. Research Funding.Setting the Agenda for Future Research. The ScientificEstablishment. 6. SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT: SCIENCE AT RISK. The Meaning ofScientific Misconduct. Biological Activity of an InfinitelyDiluted Solution: A Study in Controversy. Error vs.Fraud--Part I: The Baltimore Case. Error vs. Fraud--Part II: Why Are They Linked Together? Auditing theScientific Literature. The Integrity of Science. Secrecyand Sharing Research Data and Materials. Conflict ofInterest. 7. SCIENCE AND THE WORLD. The Origins of Science in EverydayLife Experience. Life Experience Beyond Science. Scienceand Religion. Science and Ethics. Scientists as People. TheInfluence of Politics on Science.8. CONCLUDING COMMENTS.