Kian Tajbakhsh is Fellow in the Committee on Global Thought at Columbia University, where he was Professor of Urban Planning and Urban Studies. He previously directed civil society strengthening initiatives for the Soros Foundation in Iran, where he was a political prisoner from 2009-2016. He has previously published The Promise of the City (2001) and Social Capital: Trust, Democracy and Development (2005).

'Kian Tajbakhsh's study of local government under the Islamic Republic of Iran is based on careful and painstaking analysis of administrative and legal documents and is unmatched by any in current Iranian history.' Saïd Amir Arjomand, State University of New York

• Preface; Overview; Part I. Launching Local Democracy: 1. Reshaping the state: political decentralization comes to Iran in the 1990s: 2. Launching municipal government, 1999-2003; Part II. Arguing for Local Democracy: 3. Reformists, local democracy and civil society: socio-political discourses; 4. Efficiency in governance: technocratic discourse; 5. The theocratic and Islamist discourse on the shura; Part III. Blocking Local Democracy: 6. The rocky path from elections to democracy; 7. City planning and the challenges of democractic governance; 8. Financing local democracy; 9. Geopolitics and the limits of international municipal cooperation; 10. What of the future of local democracy.

Kian Tajbakhsh is Fellow in the Committee on Global Thought at Columbia University, where he was Professor of Urban Planning and Urban Studies. He previously directed civil society strengthening initiatives for the Soros Foundation in Iran, where he was a political prisoner from 2009-2016. He has previously published The Promise of the City (2001) and Social Capital: Trust, Democracy and Development (2005).

'Kian Tajbakhsh's study of local government under the Islamic Republic of Iran is based on careful and painstaking analysis of administrative and legal documents and is unmatched by any in current Iranian history.' Saïd Amir Arjomand, State University of New York

• Preface; Overview; Part I. Launching Local Democracy: 1. Reshaping the state: political decentralization comes to Iran in the 1990s: 2. Launching municipal government, 1999-2003; Part II. Arguing for Local Democracy: 3. Reformists, local democracy and civil society: socio-political discourses; 4. Efficiency in governance: technocratic discourse; 5. The theocratic and Islamist discourse on the shura; Part III. Blocking Local Democracy: 6. The rocky path from elections to democracy; 7. City planning and the challenges of democractic governance; 8. Financing local democracy; 9. Geopolitics and the limits of international municipal cooperation; 10. What of the future of local democracy.

Kian Tajbakhsh is Fellow in the Committee on Global Thought at Columbia University, where he was Professor of Urban Planning and Urban Studies. He previously directed civil society strengthening initiatives for the Soros Foundation in Iran, where he was a political prisoner from 2009-2016. He has previously published The Promise of the City (2001) and Social Capital: Trust, Democracy and Development (2005).

'Kian Tajbakhsh's study of local government under the Islamic Republic of Iran is based on careful and painstaking analysis of administrative and legal documents and is unmatched by any in current Iranian history.' Saïd Amir Arjomand, State University of New York

• Preface; Overview; Part I. Launching Local Democracy: 1. Reshaping the state: political decentralization comes to Iran in the 1990s: 2. Launching municipal government, 1999-2003; Part II. Arguing for Local Democracy: 3. Reformists, local democracy and civil society: socio-political discourses; 4. Efficiency in governance: technocratic discourse; 5. The theocratic and Islamist discourse on the shura; Part III. Blocking Local Democracy: 6. The rocky path from elections to democracy; 7. City planning and the challenges of democractic governance; 8. Financing local democracy; 9. Geopolitics and the limits of international municipal cooperation; 10. What of the future of local democracy.