Cara Penry Williams has a master’s degree in applied linguistics and a PhD in linguistics from the University of Melbourne. After many years of teaching and researching at the University of Melbourne and La Trobe University, she is now a Lecturer in English Language at University of Derby in the UK and an Honorary Research Fellow at La Trobe University.

• 1. Introduction 2. Conceptualising social meaning 3. Studying social meaning via folklinguistics 4. Phonetic and phonological variation 5. Lexical variation 6. Discourse and grammatical variation 7. Social types and language ideologies

Cara Penry Williams has a master’s degree in applied linguistics and a PhD in linguistics from the University of Melbourne. After many years of teaching and researching at the University of Melbourne and La Trobe University, she is now a Lecturer in English Language at University of Derby in the UK and an Honorary Research Fellow at La Trobe University.

• 1. Introduction 2. Conceptualising social meaning 3. Studying social meaning via folklinguistics 4. Phonetic and phonological variation 5. Lexical variation 6. Discourse and grammatical variation 7. Social types and language ideologies

Cara Penry Williams has a master’s degree in applied linguistics and a PhD in linguistics from the University of Melbourne. After many years of teaching and researching at the University of Melbourne and La Trobe University, she is now a Lecturer in English Language at University of Derby in the UK and an Honorary Research Fellow at La Trobe University.

• 1. Introduction 2. Conceptualising social meaning 3. Studying social meaning via folklinguistics 4. Phonetic and phonological variation 5. Lexical variation 6. Discourse and grammatical variation 7. Social types and language ideologies