Language Change in Real- and Apparent-Time

Karen V. Beaman is a lecturer of sociolinguistics at the University of Tübingen, Germany. Her primary research is a comparative study of Swabian, a dialect spoken in southwestern Germany, which combines a 35-year panel study with a five-generation trend study. Her work investigates language variation and change in both real- and apparent-time, with particular focus on how factors of identity, mobility, and social networks drive or inhibit change.

• ContentsList of figuresList of tablesAcknowledgmentsSymbols and conventionsCodes and abbreviationsCHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO LIFESPAN AND COMMUNITY CHANGE 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Challenges to the critical-period hypothesis 1.3. Approaches to studying language change 1.4. Individual and community patterns of linguistic change1.5. Theoretical underpinnings and methodological framework for this book 1.6. Structure and contributions of this book CHAPTER 2. METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF REAL- AND APPARENT-TIME LANGUAGE CHANGE2.1. Introduction 2.2. The Swabian language and people 2.3. The corpus 2.4. Data collection and preparation2.4.1 Step 1: Sample selection 2.4.2 Step 2: Sociolinguistic interview 2.4.3 Step 3: Recording 2.4.4 Step 4: Transcription 2.4.5 Step 5: Validation2.4.6 Step 6: Annotation 2.5. The linguistic variable(s) 2.5.1 Phonological variables 2.5.1 Morphosyntactic variables2.6. Measuring dialect density 2.7. Socio-demographic factors of language change 2.7.1 Speaker community 2.7.2 Speaker gender 2.7.3 Speaker age 2.7.4 Speaker education 2.7.5 Speaker social class 2.8. Change in real- and apparent-time 2.9. Change across the lifespan 2.10. Individual and community change 2.11. Summary CHAPTER 3. THE SPEECH COMMUNITY AND URBAN–RURAL DIVIDE 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Speech communities 3.2.1 Stuttgart 3.2.2 Schwäbisch Gmünd 3.3. Urbanity and rurality 3.3.1 Regionality and dialect use 3.3.2 Community differences over time 3.3.3 The impact of higher education 3.4. The role of social networks 3.5. Coherence in the speech community 3.5.1 Covariation analysis 3.5.2 Measuring community coherence 3.5.3 Variable weightings 3.6. Summary CHAPTER 4. DIALECT CONTACT, LEVELING AND SUPRAREGIONALIZATION 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Dialect contact and leveling 4.3. Rise of supralocal and supraregional varieties 4.4. Standard language convergence 4.5. Dialect levelling in Swabia 4.5.1 Frequency distributional analysis 4.5.2 Lifespan and community change 4.5.3 Interactions between the linguistic and social 4.6. Indexicalities of linguistic variables 4.6.1 Variable family 4.6.2 Variable salience 4.6.3 Variable stigma 4.6.4 Variable status 4.7. Supraregionalization in Swabia4.8. Summary CHAPTER 5. INDEXICALITIES OF IDENTITY, ACCOMMODATION, AND MOBILITY 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Linguistic accommodation 5.3. Local orientation and identity construction 5.4. Perpetual mobility and humanity 5.5. Cultural indices as indicators of dialect use 5.5.1 Local orientation 5.5.2 Interlocutor accommodation 5.5.3 Speaker mobility 5.6. Multivariate analysis5.7. Summary CHAPTER 6. LIFESPAN AND COMMUNITY CHANGE ACROSS THE LINGUISTIC ARCHITECTURE6.1. Introduction 6.2. (ai) diphthong 6.2.1 Background 6.2.2 Measuring diphthong trajectories 6.2.3 Diphthong change in real- and apparent-time 6.2.4 Local orientation and loss of diphthong contrast 6.2.5 Internal linguistic factors and diphthong change 6.2.6 The interaction of the linguistic and social 6.2.7 Discussion 6.3. wo-relatives 6.3.1 Background 6.3.2 The Linguistic variable and the envelope of variation 6.3.3 Frequency distribution of wo-relatives 6.3.4 Multivariate analysis of wo-relatives 6.3.5 Discussion 6.4. Summary CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS AND LOOKING FORWARD 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Compatibility of combined panel and trend studies 7.3. Dialect leveling and supraregionalization in Swabian 7.4. Indexicalities and social meaning 7.5. Methodological and theoretical contributions to the field of sociolinguistics 7.6. Opportunities for future research 7.7. Summary Appendices Appendix A: Interview documents Appendix B: Data transcription conventions Appendix C: E2R data extraction and annotation process Appendix D: Swabian-German LexiconReferences Index