Pablo Artal is Full Professor of Optics at the University of Murcia (Spain), where he founded and directs the Laboratorio de Óptica. He received his PhD in Physics from the University Complutense of Madrid and carried out postdoctoral research at the Institut d’Optique, Université de Paris-Sud (Orsay, France) and Cambridge University. Before joining the University of Murcia in 1994, he was Senior Research Scientist at the Instituto de Óptica, CSIC (Madrid, Spain). He has also been Visiting Professor at the University of Rochester, Rochester NY, and the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, and is currently Distinguished Visiting Professor at Central South University, Changsha, China. Professor Artal’s research focuses on the optics of the eye and retina, visual performance, and the development of advanced optical and electronic imaging technologies for vision science, ophthalmology, and biomedicine. He has pioneered highly innovative methods for studying the eye’s optics and has contributed fundamentally to understanding the optical and neural factors limiting human vision. Several of his inventions have been translated into clinical ophthalmic instruments now in widespread use. He has authored over 450 peer-reviewed papers, which have received more than 28,000 citations (h-index = 90, Google Scholar), delivered over 200 invited lectures and 150 institutional seminars, and supervised more than 45 PhD theses and 25 postdoctoral fellows. He is co-inventor on 30 international patents and cofounder of four technology companies, including Visiometrics SL and Voptica SL, which have commercialized innovative diagnostic and visual simulation devices. Professor Artal is a Fellow of OPTICA (OSA), ARVO, SPIE, and the European Optical Society. His contributions have been recognized with numerous national and international awards, including the Edwin H. Land Medal (OSA/IS&T, 2013), the King Jaime I Award in New Technologies (2015), the National Spanish Research Award “Juan de la Cierva” (2018), the Edgar D. Tillyer Award (OSA, 2019), and the Medal of the Spanish Royal Physics Society (2021). He has also received two European Research Council (ERC) grants: an Advanced Grant in 2014 and a Proof-of-Concept Grant in 2020.

• I. Introduction. 1 History of Physiological Optics. 2 Possibilities in Physiological Optics. 3 Some advances in the last decade. II. Fundamentals. 4 Geometrical Optics. 5 Wave Optics. 6 Optical aberrations. 7 Photometry and colorimetry. 8 Characterization of visual stimuli using standard display model. 9 Basic ophthalmic instruments. 10 Instrumentation for adaptive optics. 11 Anatomy and embryology of the eye. 12 The retina. 13 Visual system architecture. 14 Visual psychophysics methods. III. Optical Properties of the Eye. 15 The cornea. 16 The lens. 17 Schematic Eyes. 18 Axes and angles of the eye. 19 The retina and Stiles-Crawford effect. 20 Refractive errors. 21 Monochromatic aberrations. 22 Chromatic aberration in the human eye. 23 Peripheral aberrations. 24 Customized eye models. 25 Scattering, straylight and glare. 26 Accommodation mechanisms. 27 Accommodation dynamics. 28 Eye movements. 29 Aging and eye optics. 30 Polarization properties.

Pablo Artal is Full Professor of Optics at the University of Murcia (Spain), where he founded and directs the Laboratorio de Óptica. He received his PhD in Physics from the University Complutense of Madrid and carried out postdoctoral research at the Institut d’Optique, Université de Paris-Sud (Orsay, France) and Cambridge University. Before joining the University of Murcia in 1994, he was Senior Research Scientist at the Instituto de Óptica, CSIC (Madrid, Spain). He has also been Visiting Professor at the University of Rochester, Rochester NY, and the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, and is currently Distinguished Visiting Professor at Central South University, Changsha, China. Professor Artal’s research focuses on the optics of the eye and retina, visual performance, and the development of advanced optical and electronic imaging technologies for vision science, ophthalmology, and biomedicine. He has pioneered highly innovative methods for studying the eye’s optics and has contributed fundamentally to understanding the optical and neural factors limiting human vision. Several of his inventions have been translated into clinical ophthalmic instruments now in widespread use. He has authored over 450 peer-reviewed papers, which have received more than 28,000 citations (h-index = 90, Google Scholar), delivered over 200 invited lectures and 150 institutional seminars, and supervised more than 45 PhD theses and 25 postdoctoral fellows. He is co-inventor on 30 international patents and cofounder of four technology companies, including Visiometrics SL and Voptica SL, which have commercialized innovative diagnostic and visual simulation devices. Professor Artal is a Fellow of OPTICA (OSA), ARVO, SPIE, and the European Optical Society. His contributions have been recognized with numerous national and international awards, including the Edwin H. Land Medal (OSA/IS&T, 2013), the King Jaime I Award in New Technologies (2015), the National Spanish Research Award “Juan de la Cierva” (2018), the Edgar D. Tillyer Award (OSA, 2019), and the Medal of the Spanish Royal Physics Society (2021). He has also received two European Research Council (ERC) grants: an Advanced Grant in 2014 and a Proof-of-Concept Grant in 2020.

• I. Introduction. 1 History of Physiological Optics. 2 Possibilities in Physiological Optics. 3 Some advances in the last decade. II. Fundamentals. 4 Geometrical Optics. 5 Wave Optics. 6 Optical aberrations. 7 Photometry and colorimetry. 8 Characterization of visual stimuli using standard display model. 9 Basic ophthalmic instruments. 10 Instrumentation for adaptive optics. 11 Anatomy and embryology of the eye. 12 The retina. 13 Visual system architecture. 14 Visual psychophysics methods. III. Optical Properties of the Eye. 15 The cornea. 16 The lens. 17 Schematic Eyes. 18 Axes and angles of the eye. 19 The retina and Stiles-Crawford effect. 20 Refractive errors. 21 Monochromatic aberrations. 22 Chromatic aberration in the human eye. 23 Peripheral aberrations. 24 Customized eye models. 25 Scattering, straylight and glare. 26 Accommodation mechanisms. 27 Accommodation dynamics. 28 Eye movements. 29 Aging and eye optics. 30 Polarization properties.

Pablo Artal is Full Professor of Optics at the University of Murcia (Spain), where he founded and directs the Laboratorio de Óptica. He received his PhD in Physics from the University Complutense of Madrid and carried out postdoctoral research at the Institut d’Optique, Université de Paris-Sud (Orsay, France) and Cambridge University. Before joining the University of Murcia in 1994, he was Senior Research Scientist at the Instituto de Óptica, CSIC (Madrid, Spain). He has also been Visiting Professor at the University of Rochester, Rochester NY, and the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, and is currently Distinguished Visiting Professor at Central South University, Changsha, China. Professor Artal’s research focuses on the optics of the eye and retina, visual performance, and the development of advanced optical and electronic imaging technologies for vision science, ophthalmology, and biomedicine. He has pioneered highly innovative methods for studying the eye’s optics and has contributed fundamentally to understanding the optical and neural factors limiting human vision. Several of his inventions have been translated into clinical ophthalmic instruments now in widespread use. He has authored over 450 peer-reviewed papers, which have received more than 28,000 citations (h-index = 90, Google Scholar), delivered over 200 invited lectures and 150 institutional seminars, and supervised more than 45 PhD theses and 25 postdoctoral fellows. He is co-inventor on 30 international patents and cofounder of four technology companies, including Visiometrics SL and Voptica SL, which have commercialized innovative diagnostic and visual simulation devices. Professor Artal is a Fellow of OPTICA (OSA), ARVO, SPIE, and the European Optical Society. His contributions have been recognized with numerous national and international awards, including the Edwin H. Land Medal (OSA/IS&T, 2013), the King Jaime I Award in New Technologies (2015), the National Spanish Research Award “Juan de la Cierva” (2018), the Edgar D. Tillyer Award (OSA, 2019), and the Medal of the Spanish Royal Physics Society (2021). He has also received two European Research Council (ERC) grants: an Advanced Grant in 2014 and a Proof-of-Concept Grant in 2020.

• I. Introduction. 1 History of Physiological Optics. 2 Possibilities in Physiological Optics. 3 Some advances in the last decade. II. Fundamentals. 4 Geometrical Optics. 5 Wave Optics. 6 Optical aberrations. 7 Photometry and colorimetry. 8 Characterization of visual stimuli using standard display model. 9 Basic ophthalmic instruments. 10 Instrumentation for adaptive optics. 11 Anatomy and embryology of the eye. 12 The retina. 13 Visual system architecture. 14 Visual psychophysics methods. III. Optical Properties of the Eye. 15 The cornea. 16 The lens. 17 Schematic Eyes. 18 Axes and angles of the eye. 19 The retina and Stiles-Crawford effect. 20 Refractive errors. 21 Monochromatic aberrations. 22 Chromatic aberration in the human eye. 23 Peripheral aberrations. 24 Customized eye models. 25 Scattering, straylight and glare. 26 Accommodation mechanisms. 27 Accommodation dynamics. 28 Eye movements. 29 Aging and eye optics. 30 Polarization properties.