Edited by Georg Glasze, Professor for Political & Cultural Geography, Institute of Geography, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany, Amaël Cattaruzza, Professor for Geography, French Institute of Geopolitics, University of Paris 8, France, Finn Dammann, Junior Research Group Leader, Institute of Geography, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany and Frédérick Douzet, Professor of Geopolitics, French Institute of Geopolitics, University of Paris 8, France

‘Thanks to an impressive collection of case studies, this groundbreaking Companion is a fundamental resource for scholars wishing to explore the geopolitical dimensions of digital transformation, grasp the relevance of the concept of digital sovereignty, and comprehend the variety of digital policies at state, supranational and city level.’

• Contents1 Political geographies of digital sovereignty: an introduction to the book 1PART I GEOPOLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION2 Intermediation platforms and geopolitical asymmetries: lessons from a pandemic 133 ‘Almighty giants?’ Assessing the rise of GAFAM as geopolitical actors 294 Digital sovereignty in business: encodings, demarcations and the attribution of meaning 395 Digital transformation and authoritarian power in the Gulf monarchies 516 Socio-technical factors influencing the digital sovereignty of the individual 657 Digital sovereignties in a blockchain age 77PART II CONCEPTIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON ‘(DIGITAL) SOVEREIGNTY’8 Contested spatialities of the digital: conceptual contributions from geography 939 Situating digital sovereignty in the material geographies of internet infrastructures: lessons from Mediterranean interconnection hubs 10510 Law enforcement and access to transborder evidence: the quest for the exercise of digital sovereignty 11911 Digital civic sovereignty: a Habermasian conceptualisation and a first glance at its core conditions in cyberspace 133PART III DISCOURSES AND PRACTICES OF DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY IN A GLOBAL COMPARISON12 The evolution of the Cuban strategy towards connection and the affirmation of sovereignty 14713 China, cyber sovereignty and the geopolitical moment 161 14 Digital sovereignty under kinetic siege: the transformation of Ukraine’s information sovereignty 17315 India’s digital sovereignty narrative 18916 Iran’s strategy of digital sovereignty: the strategic control of Internet routes 20317 Russia’s digital sovereignty strategy 21518 Why the United States doesn’t use the concept of digital sovereignty 229PART IV DISCOURSES AND PRACTICES OF A DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY: EU PERSPECTIVES19 Digital sovereignty in France: from polarized debate to dispersed action 24120 Digital sovereignty: revisiting the French perspective 24721 Building digital sovereignty in the French military: doctrine, organisation and cyber combatants 25922 Democratic sovereignty and new trends of online content regulation: the case of France 27123 Digital sovereignty in Germany from the 1990s to the 2020s: prehistory, reception, and contradictions 28324 Digital sovereignty: a matter of scale? From a sovereign French cloud to European cloud solutions 28925 The geopolitical role of digital standards in the quest for European digital sovereignty 30126 An imposed sovereignty? Implementing European digital sovereignty in the Western Balkans 31327 Towards a city-level practice of digital sovereignty? Addressing the question of digital rights and democracy 327

Edited by Georg Glasze, Professor for Political & Cultural Geography, Institute of Geography, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany, Amaël Cattaruzza, Professor for Geography, French Institute of Geopolitics, University of Paris 8, France, Finn Dammann, Junior Research Group Leader, Institute of Geography, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany and Frédérick Douzet, Professor of Geopolitics, French Institute of Geopolitics, University of Paris 8, France

‘Thanks to an impressive collection of case studies, this groundbreaking Companion is a fundamental resource for scholars wishing to explore the geopolitical dimensions of digital transformation, grasp the relevance of the concept of digital sovereignty, and comprehend the variety of digital policies at state, supranational and city level.’

• Contents1 Political geographies of digital sovereignty: an introduction to the book 1PART I GEOPOLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION2 Intermediation platforms and geopolitical asymmetries: lessons from a pandemic 133 ‘Almighty giants?’ Assessing the rise of GAFAM as geopolitical actors 294 Digital sovereignty in business: encodings, demarcations and the attribution of meaning 395 Digital transformation and authoritarian power in the Gulf monarchies 516 Socio-technical factors influencing the digital sovereignty of the individual 657 Digital sovereignties in a blockchain age 77PART II CONCEPTIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON ‘(DIGITAL) SOVEREIGNTY’8 Contested spatialities of the digital: conceptual contributions from geography 939 Situating digital sovereignty in the material geographies of internet infrastructures: lessons from Mediterranean interconnection hubs 10510 Law enforcement and access to transborder evidence: the quest for the exercise of digital sovereignty 11911 Digital civic sovereignty: a Habermasian conceptualisation and a first glance at its core conditions in cyberspace 133PART III DISCOURSES AND PRACTICES OF DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY IN A GLOBAL COMPARISON12 The evolution of the Cuban strategy towards connection and the affirmation of sovereignty 14713 China, cyber sovereignty and the geopolitical moment 161 14 Digital sovereignty under kinetic siege: the transformation of Ukraine’s information sovereignty 17315 India’s digital sovereignty narrative 18916 Iran’s strategy of digital sovereignty: the strategic control of Internet routes 20317 Russia’s digital sovereignty strategy 21518 Why the United States doesn’t use the concept of digital sovereignty 229PART IV DISCOURSES AND PRACTICES OF A DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY: EU PERSPECTIVES19 Digital sovereignty in France: from polarized debate to dispersed action 24120 Digital sovereignty: revisiting the French perspective 24721 Building digital sovereignty in the French military: doctrine, organisation and cyber combatants 25922 Democratic sovereignty and new trends of online content regulation: the case of France 27123 Digital sovereignty in Germany from the 1990s to the 2020s: prehistory, reception, and contradictions 28324 Digital sovereignty: a matter of scale? From a sovereign French cloud to European cloud solutions 28925 The geopolitical role of digital standards in the quest for European digital sovereignty 30126 An imposed sovereignty? Implementing European digital sovereignty in the Western Balkans 31327 Towards a city-level practice of digital sovereignty? Addressing the question of digital rights and democracy 327

Edited by Georg Glasze, Professor for Political & Cultural Geography, Institute of Geography, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany, Amaël Cattaruzza, Professor for Geography, French Institute of Geopolitics, University of Paris 8, France, Finn Dammann, Junior Research Group Leader, Institute of Geography, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany and Frédérick Douzet, Professor of Geopolitics, French Institute of Geopolitics, University of Paris 8, France

‘Thanks to an impressive collection of case studies, this groundbreaking Companion is a fundamental resource for scholars wishing to explore the geopolitical dimensions of digital transformation, grasp the relevance of the concept of digital sovereignty, and comprehend the variety of digital policies at state, supranational and city level.’

• Contents1 Political geographies of digital sovereignty: an introduction to the book 1PART I GEOPOLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION2 Intermediation platforms and geopolitical asymmetries: lessons from a pandemic 133 ‘Almighty giants?’ Assessing the rise of GAFAM as geopolitical actors 294 Digital sovereignty in business: encodings, demarcations and the attribution of meaning 395 Digital transformation and authoritarian power in the Gulf monarchies 516 Socio-technical factors influencing the digital sovereignty of the individual 657 Digital sovereignties in a blockchain age 77PART II CONCEPTIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON ‘(DIGITAL) SOVEREIGNTY’8 Contested spatialities of the digital: conceptual contributions from geography 939 Situating digital sovereignty in the material geographies of internet infrastructures: lessons from Mediterranean interconnection hubs 10510 Law enforcement and access to transborder evidence: the quest for the exercise of digital sovereignty 11911 Digital civic sovereignty: a Habermasian conceptualisation and a first glance at its core conditions in cyberspace 133PART III DISCOURSES AND PRACTICES OF DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY IN A GLOBAL COMPARISON12 The evolution of the Cuban strategy towards connection and the affirmation of sovereignty 14713 China, cyber sovereignty and the geopolitical moment 161 14 Digital sovereignty under kinetic siege: the transformation of Ukraine’s information sovereignty 17315 India’s digital sovereignty narrative 18916 Iran’s strategy of digital sovereignty: the strategic control of Internet routes 20317 Russia’s digital sovereignty strategy 21518 Why the United States doesn’t use the concept of digital sovereignty 229PART IV DISCOURSES AND PRACTICES OF A DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY: EU PERSPECTIVES19 Digital sovereignty in France: from polarized debate to dispersed action 24120 Digital sovereignty: revisiting the French perspective 24721 Building digital sovereignty in the French military: doctrine, organisation and cyber combatants 25922 Democratic sovereignty and new trends of online content regulation: the case of France 27123 Digital sovereignty in Germany from the 1990s to the 2020s: prehistory, reception, and contradictions 28324 Digital sovereignty: a matter of scale? From a sovereign French cloud to European cloud solutions 28925 The geopolitical role of digital standards in the quest for European digital sovereignty 30126 An imposed sovereignty? Implementing European digital sovereignty in the Western Balkans 31327 Towards a city-level practice of digital sovereignty? Addressing the question of digital rights and democracy 327