Edited by S. Irudaya Rajan, Chair, The International Institute of Migration and Development, Kerala, India

‘The Handbook on Migration, COVID-19 and Cities is the first of its kind to provide an extensive, multi-regional analysis of how the pandemic reshaped migration and urban life. With wide geographic coverage, it offers critical insights into internal and international migration, policy responses, and migrant resilience worldwide.’

• ContentsList of Tables ixList of Figures xviPART I SYSTEMIC PERSPECTIVES1 Migration and cities amidst COVID-19 crisis 2S. Irudaya Rajan2 Disruption and restart?: Human (im)mobilities in the age of COVID-19 26Jonas Bergmann and Susan F. Martin3 The Economist, urban migration, and COVID-19: Private-market solutionsto public health problems 45Franklin Obeng-Odoom4 Migrants’ resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic 62Jannatul Ferdous and AKM Ahsan Ullah5 The shifting gravity of the urban: Cities and migration after COVID 73Andrew GardnerPART II PANDEMIC AND INTERNAL MIGRATION6 Impact of COVID-19 on internal migration and labour markets in Nigeria 89Tayo Ajala, Gloria Olisenekwu and Ekundayo Arogundade7 ‘A particularly urban disease’: The impact of COVID-19 on internalmigrants in Cape Town and Johannesburg, South Africa 105Jonathan Crush, Godfrey Tawodzera, Maria Salamone and Zack Ahmed8 COVID-19 impact on internal migration, labor markets, and urbanizationin Mumbai 121Abhishek Rathi9 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on internal migration in Iran 159Madison Leigh Rose, Hakan Demirbuken, Bayram Samet Sahin andAbbas Enayati10 Unwrapping the short-term disruptions and long-term implications of theCOVID-19 pandemic on China’s rural migrant population 179Che Lei, Wang Mengran, Du Haifeng and Kam Wing Chan11 Metropolitan Lima in Peru: (Un)sustainability and the COVID-19pandemic 194Teófilo Altamirano Rúa12 Impact of COVID-19 on internal migration, labor markets, andurbanization in New Delhi 211Kedar Jani and Rajendra JaniPART III PANDEMIC AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION13 Obstacles to health care services among migrant workers in the Gulfduring COVID-19 247Vani Saraswathi14 Preliminary analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic onremittance-recipient households: A case of villages in Pakistan 262Hisaya Oda and Misbah Nosheen15 Migrant livelihoods and strategies in urban South Africa during theCOVID-19 pandemic: A case study of Congolese and Zimbabweanmigrants in two Cape Town neighbourhoods 280Leah Koskimaki, Ngonidzashe Frackson Thom and Mustapha Kazadi16 Lessons from the pandemic and the impacts on migration: The case ofAotearoa New Zealand 298Paul Spoonley17 COVID-19 containment measures and their impact on Venezuelanmigrants in urban Ecuador 317Cheryl Martens and Taymi Milan18 The Kahramanmaras earthquake and Turkey’s Syrian refugees 329Omer Karasapan and Ismail Arslan19 Conflict, health emergencies, and disasters in Somalia: What role can the1951 Refugee Convention play? 355Chiara ScissaPART IV COVID-19 AND MIGRATION POLITICS20 COVID-19, vaccine diplomacy, and migrant workers 372Jannatul Ferdous and AKM Ahsan Ullah21 COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine politics, and its impact on migrant workers 384Padma Prasad Khatiwada and Sanjay Hamal22 Balancing of interests: Access to asylum in the context of the COVID-19pandemic 393Kamilla Galicz23 Policing the pandemic: Migrants in South African cities during theCOVID-19 lockdown 411Jonathan Crush and Sean Sithole24 COVID-19 and social exclusions: The experiences of Indian medicalstudents in Tbilisi during and after the pandemic 426Mette Ginnerskov-Dahlberg and Karen Valentin25 Multiple vulnerabilities: The migrant-local disparities in China’s urbanlabour market during the zero-COVID era 445Qiujie Shi and Tao Liu26 Institutionalizing an origin country’s system to assist crisis-affectedmigrant workers: The case of the Philippines 461Jeremaiah Opiniano, Mia Isabella Sarmiento and Alvin AngPART V MIGRANTS, FOOD AND HEALTH CRISIS27 Health crises, ‘undesirables’, and exclusionary border regimes in theCaribbean 485Natalie Dietrich Jones28 Exploring the social impact of COVID-19 measures on vulnerable familiesin Curaçao, Aruba and Saint Maarten 504Ilse van Liempt, Ajay Bailey, Ashley Duits, Izzy Gerstenbluth, MerelGriffith-Lendering, Elly Hellings, Raymond Jessurun, BenedictaDeogratias and Selim Jahangir29 Coping with health crisis and multiple vulnerabilities: Migrant shelters inMexico City and its metropolitan area during COVID-19 lockdown 520Fernanda Vázquez-Vela and Guénola Capron30 Migrants’ food security amidst the changing COVID-19 containmentmeasures in urban China 540Zhenzhong Si and Taiyang Zhong31 The impact of COVID-19 containment measures on urban-rural linkages:A study on the flow of food and people in the urban-rural nexus in Kenya 555Samuel Owuor32 Impact of COVID-19 on mixed migration: Evidence from the SouthernAfrica region 571Charles Allan Kwenin and Emmanuel QuarshiePART VI LOCAL SERVICES IN CITIES FOR MIGRANTS33 The role of digitization in easing access to services in times of crisis:Studies from the GCC 586Rima Kalush34 Municipal services for migrants and refugees in the COVID-19 period:The case of Istanbul 609Merve Ağca35 The moving lines of multilevel governance: Loyal and activist cities duringthe COVID-19 crisis 623Thomas Lacroix, Jorge Enrique Culebro Moreno and Juan CarlosTriviño-Salazar36 Livelihood initiatives for and by IDPs during COVID-19 in Kabul City,Afghanistan 639Nasrat Sayed, M Basit Wahedi, Saed Mansoor Sadat and Hamayun Khan37 Reflections: Borders, cities and a decolonial future? 648S Irudaya Rajan and Anand Sreekuma

Edited by S. Irudaya Rajan, Chair, The International Institute of Migration and Development, Kerala, India

‘The Handbook on Migration, COVID-19 and Cities is the first of its kind to provide an extensive, multi-regional analysis of how the pandemic reshaped migration and urban life. With wide geographic coverage, it offers critical insights into internal and international migration, policy responses, and migrant resilience worldwide.’

• ContentsList of Tables ixList of Figures xviPART I SYSTEMIC PERSPECTIVES1 Migration and cities amidst COVID-19 crisis 2S. Irudaya Rajan2 Disruption and restart?: Human (im)mobilities in the age of COVID-19 26Jonas Bergmann and Susan F. Martin3 The Economist, urban migration, and COVID-19: Private-market solutionsto public health problems 45Franklin Obeng-Odoom4 Migrants’ resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic 62Jannatul Ferdous and AKM Ahsan Ullah5 The shifting gravity of the urban: Cities and migration after COVID 73Andrew GardnerPART II PANDEMIC AND INTERNAL MIGRATION6 Impact of COVID-19 on internal migration and labour markets in Nigeria 89Tayo Ajala, Gloria Olisenekwu and Ekundayo Arogundade7 ‘A particularly urban disease’: The impact of COVID-19 on internalmigrants in Cape Town and Johannesburg, South Africa 105Jonathan Crush, Godfrey Tawodzera, Maria Salamone and Zack Ahmed8 COVID-19 impact on internal migration, labor markets, and urbanizationin Mumbai 121Abhishek Rathi9 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on internal migration in Iran 159Madison Leigh Rose, Hakan Demirbuken, Bayram Samet Sahin andAbbas Enayati10 Unwrapping the short-term disruptions and long-term implications of theCOVID-19 pandemic on China’s rural migrant population 179Che Lei, Wang Mengran, Du Haifeng and Kam Wing Chan11 Metropolitan Lima in Peru: (Un)sustainability and the COVID-19pandemic 194Teófilo Altamirano Rúa12 Impact of COVID-19 on internal migration, labor markets, andurbanization in New Delhi 211Kedar Jani and Rajendra JaniPART III PANDEMIC AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION13 Obstacles to health care services among migrant workers in the Gulfduring COVID-19 247Vani Saraswathi14 Preliminary analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic onremittance-recipient households: A case of villages in Pakistan 262Hisaya Oda and Misbah Nosheen15 Migrant livelihoods and strategies in urban South Africa during theCOVID-19 pandemic: A case study of Congolese and Zimbabweanmigrants in two Cape Town neighbourhoods 280Leah Koskimaki, Ngonidzashe Frackson Thom and Mustapha Kazadi16 Lessons from the pandemic and the impacts on migration: The case ofAotearoa New Zealand 298Paul Spoonley17 COVID-19 containment measures and their impact on Venezuelanmigrants in urban Ecuador 317Cheryl Martens and Taymi Milan18 The Kahramanmaras earthquake and Turkey’s Syrian refugees 329Omer Karasapan and Ismail Arslan19 Conflict, health emergencies, and disasters in Somalia: What role can the1951 Refugee Convention play? 355Chiara ScissaPART IV COVID-19 AND MIGRATION POLITICS20 COVID-19, vaccine diplomacy, and migrant workers 372Jannatul Ferdous and AKM Ahsan Ullah21 COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine politics, and its impact on migrant workers 384Padma Prasad Khatiwada and Sanjay Hamal22 Balancing of interests: Access to asylum in the context of the COVID-19pandemic 393Kamilla Galicz23 Policing the pandemic: Migrants in South African cities during theCOVID-19 lockdown 411Jonathan Crush and Sean Sithole24 COVID-19 and social exclusions: The experiences of Indian medicalstudents in Tbilisi during and after the pandemic 426Mette Ginnerskov-Dahlberg and Karen Valentin25 Multiple vulnerabilities: The migrant-local disparities in China’s urbanlabour market during the zero-COVID era 445Qiujie Shi and Tao Liu26 Institutionalizing an origin country’s system to assist crisis-affectedmigrant workers: The case of the Philippines 461Jeremaiah Opiniano, Mia Isabella Sarmiento and Alvin AngPART V MIGRANTS, FOOD AND HEALTH CRISIS27 Health crises, ‘undesirables’, and exclusionary border regimes in theCaribbean 485Natalie Dietrich Jones28 Exploring the social impact of COVID-19 measures on vulnerable familiesin Curaçao, Aruba and Saint Maarten 504Ilse van Liempt, Ajay Bailey, Ashley Duits, Izzy Gerstenbluth, MerelGriffith-Lendering, Elly Hellings, Raymond Jessurun, BenedictaDeogratias and Selim Jahangir29 Coping with health crisis and multiple vulnerabilities: Migrant shelters inMexico City and its metropolitan area during COVID-19 lockdown 520Fernanda Vázquez-Vela and Guénola Capron30 Migrants’ food security amidst the changing COVID-19 containmentmeasures in urban China 540Zhenzhong Si and Taiyang Zhong31 The impact of COVID-19 containment measures on urban-rural linkages:A study on the flow of food and people in the urban-rural nexus in Kenya 555Samuel Owuor32 Impact of COVID-19 on mixed migration: Evidence from the SouthernAfrica region 571Charles Allan Kwenin and Emmanuel QuarshiePART VI LOCAL SERVICES IN CITIES FOR MIGRANTS33 The role of digitization in easing access to services in times of crisis:Studies from the GCC 586Rima Kalush34 Municipal services for migrants and refugees in the COVID-19 period:The case of Istanbul 609Merve Ağca35 The moving lines of multilevel governance: Loyal and activist cities duringthe COVID-19 crisis 623Thomas Lacroix, Jorge Enrique Culebro Moreno and Juan CarlosTriviño-Salazar36 Livelihood initiatives for and by IDPs during COVID-19 in Kabul City,Afghanistan 639Nasrat Sayed, M Basit Wahedi, Saed Mansoor Sadat and Hamayun Khan37 Reflections: Borders, cities and a decolonial future? 648S Irudaya Rajan and Anand Sreekuma