Rachel Walker is an Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Southern California. She is the author of Nasalization, Neutral Segments and Opacity Effects (2000), and has contributed numerous articles to journals and books.

'… essential reading for all phonologists.' Joe Pater, Professor, Department of Linguistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

• 1. Introduction; 2. Preliminaries: functional grounding; 3. Generalized licensing; 4. Typological predictions; 5. Indirect licensing; 6. Identity licensing; 7. Direct licensing; 8. Maximal licensing; 9. Conclusion and final issues.

Rachel Walker is an Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Southern California. She is the author of Nasalization, Neutral Segments and Opacity Effects (2000), and has contributed numerous articles to journals and books.

'… essential reading for all phonologists.' Joe Pater, Professor, Department of Linguistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

• 1. Introduction; 2. Preliminaries: functional grounding; 3. Generalized licensing; 4. Typological predictions; 5. Indirect licensing; 6. Identity licensing; 7. Direct licensing; 8. Maximal licensing; 9. Conclusion and final issues.

Rachel Walker is an Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Southern California. She is the author of Nasalization, Neutral Segments and Opacity Effects (2000), and has contributed numerous articles to journals and books.

'… essential reading for all phonologists.' Joe Pater, Professor, Department of Linguistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

• 1. Introduction; 2. Preliminaries: functional grounding; 3. Generalized licensing; 4. Typological predictions; 5. Indirect licensing; 6. Identity licensing; 7. Direct licensing; 8. Maximal licensing; 9. Conclusion and final issues.